The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto
Abstract
Although recent increases in imprisonment are concentrated in poor Black communities, we know little about how daily life within these neighborhoods is affected. Almost all ethnographic work in poor minority neighborhoods was written before the expansion of the criminal justice system, and the bulk of research on “mass imprisonment” relies on survey data, field experiments, or interviews, conceptualizing its impact in terms of current or former felons and their families. Drawing on six years of fieldwork in Philadelphia, this article shifts the focus from imprisonment and criminal records to the increase in policing and supervision in poor Black neighborhoods, and what this has meant for a growing status group of wanted people. For many young men, avoiding jail has become a daily preoccupation: they have warrants out for minor infractions, like failing to pay court fees or breaking curfew, and will be detained if they are identified. Such threat of imprisonment transforms social relations by undermining already tenuous attachments to family, work, and community. But young men also rely on their precarious legal standing to explain failures that would have occurred anyway, while girlfriends and neighbors exploit their wanted status as an instrument of social control. I discuss the implications of my ethnographic observations relative to prior treatments of the poor and policing, and with regard to broader sociological questions about punishment and surveillance in the modern era.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Drawing on six years of fieldwork in a poor Black Philadelphia neighborhood, Goffman shows how policing and supervision create a growing status group of “wanted” young men whose daily fear of capture reshapes family, work, and community life. She argues this is not Foucault’s panoptic discipline but an incomplete checkpoint/flashpoint system that produces suspects and fugitives, while wanted status also becomes an excuse and a resource others use for control.
Key findings
- In a 2007 survey of 217 households on “6th Street,” the authors found 308 men aged 18–30; 144 reported a warrant in the past three years for court fines/fees or failure to appear, and 119 had warrants for technical probation/parole violations such as drinking or breaking curfew.
- During the first 18 months, Goffman observed police stop/search/arrest at least once a day with only five exceptions; she also recorded 52 house raids/searches/chases, 9 helicopter searches, 17 crime-scene blockades, and 14 beatings of young men.
- Wanted status turned hospitals, jobs, police/courts, and intimate ties into paths to confinement: men skipped the birth of a child, refused medical care after a severe beating, avoided calling police when robbed, and sometimes resorted to violence instead.
- Wanted status also served as a resource: girlfriends, relatives, and neighbors threatened to call police or parole officers to control men, and men used warrants to account for failures—e.g., Mike missed Parents’ Day partly because he had not paid school fees, and Steve cited his warrant for unemployment despite not finding work when not wanted.
Methods
- Six years of ethnographic fieldwork (intensive observation January 2002–August 2003, continuing through 2007) in a poor to working-class Black Philadelphia neighborhood called “6th Street,” centered on a loose group of about 15 young men; Goffman also visited jails and prisons and interviewed two lawyers, a district attorney, three probation officers, two police officers, and a federal district court judge.
- In 2007, Goffman and a resident conducted a survey of 217 households in the 6th Street neighborhood, counting men aged 18–30 and asking about warrants in the past three years.
- Data come mainly from field notes and overheard conversations; Goffman did not use a tape recorder, so quoted speech is a close approximation, and she generally did not ask direct questions.
Limitations
- The paper states it cannot speculate about the net effect of low-level warrant policies on crime or violence; the data only suggest effects on legal status and institutional interaction.
- The paper notes that because no tape recorder was used, even quoted speech should be taken only as a close approximation, and that most material comes from observations or overheard conversations rather than direct questions.
- Evident from the text: the study is a single-neighborhood ethnography of a small, nonrandom group of men, with no comparison site or quantitative causal design, and the researcher’s presence and racial difference may have shaped access and interactions.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
65 Own interpretation · 36 Own result · 22 No basis given · 16 Sources not found · 5 No full text of the sources · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those on probation or parole, on house arrest, and who were going through a trial expressed concern that they would soon be picked up and taken into custody for some violation that would 'come up in the system.'”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 139 weeks that he was not incarcerated, he spent 87 weeks on probation or parole for five overlapping sentences.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even those with no pending legal action expressed concern that the police might 'find some reason to hold them' because of what they had done, who or what they knew, or what they carried on their person.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young men worried that they would be picked up by the police and taken into custody even when they did not have a warrant out for their arrest.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the first year and a half of fieldwork, I watched the police stop pedestrians or people in cars, search them, run their names to see if any warrants came up, ask them to come in for questioning, or make an arrest at least once a day, with five exceptions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family members and friends who are not themselves caught up in the justice system may be threatened with eviction or with having their children taken away if they do not provide information about the young men in their lives.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the survey that Chuck and I conducted in 2007, of the 217 households that make up the 6th Street neighborhood, we found 308 men between the ages of 18 and 30 in residence.”
plainn = 308- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I watched the police break down doors, search houses, and question, arrest, or chase suspects through houses 52 times.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I pleaded with him to go to the hospital. He refused, saying that his parole officer might hear of it and serve him a violation for being out past curfew, for fighting, for drinking, or any other number of infractions.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Chuck, Mike, and Steve assembled outside, the first topic of the day was frequently who had been taken into custody the night before and who had outrun the cops and gotten away.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned (Wildeman 2009).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildeman 2009 source
In “The Risk of Paternal, Maternal, and Parental Imprisonment,” the paper says that 25% of Black children born in 1990 had a father sent to prison. Its estimates measure imprisonment by the child's 14th birthday. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He spent 35 weeks with a warrant out for his arrest, and in total had 10 warrants issued on him.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is common practice for the police to put pressure on friends, girlfriends, and family members to provide information, particularly when these people have their own warrants, are serving probation or parole, or have a pending trial.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The police also use a sophisticated computer mapping program that tracks people who have warrants or are on probation, parole, or released on bail.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I got there a few hours after the baby was born, in time to see two police officers come into the room and arrest Alex. He had violated his parole a few months before by drinking alcohol and had a warrant out for his arrest.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alex spent a year back upstate on the parole violation.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an interview, two police officers explained that when they are looking for a suspect, they access Social Security records, court records, hospital admission records, electric and gas bills, and employment records.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The judge ruled in Chuck' s favor, and he was granted visitation on Sundays at a court-supervised daycare site.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mike had at least 51 court appearances over this five-year period, 47 of which I attended.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the fight began, Chuck was in the storeroom talking on the phone with his girlfriend. He came out, he said, and saw six police officers staring at him. At this point he called and asked me to come and pick up his house keys, fairly certain he would be taken into custody. When I got there he was driving away in the back of the police car.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the first year and a half I spent on 6th Street, I noted 24 instances in which members of the group contacted the police when they were injured, robbed, or threatened. These men were either in good standing with the courts or had no pending legal constraints.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 6th Street neighborhood, a person was occasionally 'on the run' because he was a suspect in a shooting or robbery, but most people around 6th Street had warrants out for far more minor infractions.”
plainn = 308- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2002, curfews were established around 6th Street for those under age 18 and video cameras had been placed on major streets.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six years later, Mike was the only one to have graduated from high school.”
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T wo parole officers arrested him the next day as he was leaving the Taco Bell. He spent a year back upstate for this violation.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Police, jail, and court language permeates general conversation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He mentioned that he thought their knowledge of his new address must have come from the time he reported the robbery.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The five blocks known as 6th Street are 93 percent Black, according to a survey of residents that Chuck and I conducted in 2007.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a warrant may not be the reason why Steve, for example, did not look for work, but it was a fact that police officers did go to a man' s place of work to arrest him, and that some of the men experienced this first-hand.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, I found that family members living with a relative or boyfriend with a warrant out for his arrest are caught between three difficult lines of action: allowing him to stay in their homes and placing their own safety and security in jeopardy, casting him out, or betraying him by turning him in to the police.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A young man thus does not attend the birth of his child, nor seek medical help when he is badly beaten.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She told them that Reggie had shot at her niece, and the police put out a body warrant for his arrest for attempted murder.”
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
“Michelle and her aunt did not show up at three consecutive court dates, and after six months the case for attempted murder was dropped and Reggie came home.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few days later, Chuck drove over to 8th Street with Mike and Steve and shot at the young man whom he believed was responsible for blowing up his car. Although no one was injured, a neighbor reported the incident and the police put out a body warrant for Chuck' s arrest for attempted murder.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girlfriends, neighbors, and family members threaten to call the police on young men to 'keep them in line,' and occasionally they call the police or get a man arrested as payback for some perceived wrong.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Residents of the neighborhood I studied do not find that their movements are tightly controlled and regimented, as they would be in a prison or convent; they do not eat, sleep, and live together under the watchful gaze of one central authority, nor is their privacy and personal property permanently denied them”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One afternoon when Mike was sitting on a neighbor's steps, a squad car pulled up and two police officers arrested him. He had a bench warrant out for missing a court date.”
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
“Although Marie did call the cops and get Mike taken into custody that day, she was the first person to visit him in county jail after he got out of quarantine”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spaces like the 6th street neighborhood, however, many people break the law without the authorities knowing; many others are known to be in violation but the authorities do not have the resources or the ability (or, to be more cynical, the desire) to locate them all and bring them to justice.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“African American former felons face significant discrimination in the labor market, as well as health costs, obstacles to housing, and large-scale disenfranchisement (Hammett, Harmon, and Rhodes 2002; Pager 2007; Rubenstein and Mukamal 2002; Uggen and Manza 2002; Western 2006).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that some young men may be taken into custody if they encounter the authorities is a background expectation of everyday interaction in this community.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Foucault (1979) suggested that the modern era would increasingly be characterized by surveillance and that state monitoring of citizens would become increasingly complete.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Foucault 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The number of police officers per capita increased dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century in cities across the United States (Reiss 1992).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reiss 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like going to the hospital or using the police and the courts, even more intimate relationsfriends, family, and romantic partners-may pose a threat and thus have to be avoided or at least carefully navigated.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result is a complex interactive system in which ghetto residents become caught in constraining legal entanglements while simultaneously calling on the criminal justice system to achieve a measure of power over one another in their daily lives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Y oung men' s hesitation to go to the police or to make use of the courts when they are wronged, because of concern they will be arrested, means they became the targets of theft and violence because it is assumed they will not press charges.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, much of the research literature, which relies on statistical data, field experiments, or interviews, most often centers on the consequences of going to prison.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like going to work or to hospitals, using the police and the courts was risky.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Until recently, these people comprised only a small group of criminals in a neighborhood: most residents of poor Black communities did not interact much with the authorities.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anderson 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Liebow 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the findings reveal, the dealings these young men have with the police, the courts, and the probation and parole board grant them an illegal or semilegal status and instill an overriding fear of capture.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children learn at an early age to watch out for the police and to prepare to run.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In 2006, more than 14 million people were arrested and charged with a criminal offense in the United States, and more than five million people were under probation or parole supervision (Glaze and Bonzcar 2006; U.S. Department of Justice 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Glaze and Bonzcar 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites U.S. Department of Justice 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expansions in incarceration have been accompanied by increases in policing and supervision in poor communities.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The past few decades have seen the war on crime, the war on drugs, a blossoming of federal and state police agencies and bureaus, steeper sentencing laws, and a near unified endorsement of 'zero-tolerance' policies from police and civic leaders (Beckett 1997; Simon 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Beckett 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simon 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department supervised more than 60,000 people in 2006.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 60,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After Alex was arrested, other young men expressed hesitation to go to the hospital when their babies were born.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Black (1983) argues that some crimes can be understood as people taking matters into their own hands, that is, punishing people whom they consider to have committed a crime. This kind of self-help crime is typically carried out when the police and the courts are unavailable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Black (1983) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These occasional examinations (the urine test during a probation meeting, the stop and frisk on a street corner, the raid of a house, or the running of a driver' s name in the police database to see if any warrants come up) are put to use not-as Foucault envisioned-to dole out a range of small punishments and rewards in the interest of correction and training, but to identify people who may”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Philadelphia, the courts can issue an arrest warrant if a person fails to pay fines for traffic violations or misses a court date in regard to these violations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is with these groups that residents of the modern ghetto may find some common experience.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveillance and supervision in the ghetto are incomplete not only because people are widely able to break the rules and to evade the authorities, but also because the forms of supervision do not strive to be all-encompassing in the first place.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He avoids the police and the courts, even if it means using violence when he is injured or becoming the target of others who are looking for someone to rob.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A person can also be imprisoned for failing to pay moving violation fines (Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a man exhausts these possibilities and gets taken into custody, he may try to avoid jail time by informing on the people he knows.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead of thinking of residents of the modern ghetto as inmates of prisons or other panoptic places, we might compare ghetto residents to other semilegal or illegal people who qualify for some sanction and who are trying to avoid it: undocumented immigrants who are at risk of being deported, Jews living in Nazi Germany who may be sent to concentration camps, draftdodgers or deserters from the”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever the strategy, a man finds that as long as he is at risk of confinement, staying out of prison and participating in institutions like family, work, and friendship become contradictory goals; doing one reduces his chance of achieving the other.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings presented here confirm these important theses, but my fieldwork also suggests that those so managed are hardly hapless victims, immobilized in webs of control.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Declining to engage authorities when there may be concrete reasons for doing so should be considered in this context.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Contemporary theories of social stratification and political sociology argue that the criminal justice system has become a vehicle for passing on disadvantage (Western 2006) and 'an instrument for the management of dispossessed and dishonored groups' (Wacquant 2001:95).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Western 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wacquant 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The police and the courts become dangerous to interact with, as does showing up to work or going to places like hospitals.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, the policing of the modern ghetto may be usefully juxtaposed to the influential theory of power Foucault outlines in Discipline and Punish (for discussions of Foucault' s dominant position in the sociology of punishment see Cohen 1985; Garland 1990).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cohen 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garland 1990 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 6th street neighborhood, one indeed finds monitoring and supervision, but this monitoring does not put an end to fear. In fact, the lives of residents are organized precisely around fear, that is, the fear of being sent to jail.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities-a climate in which family members and friends are pressured to inform on one another and young men live as suspects and fugitives, with the daily fear of confinement.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People in the modern policed ghetto do not live as tightly controlled and disciplined subjects. Rather, they are living as semilegal or illegal people, coping with the daily threat of capture and confinement.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Labeling theory suggests that those accorded a deviant status come to engage in deviance because of being labeled as such (Becker 1963; Lemert 1951). This phenomenon is known as 'secondary deviance' (Lemert 1951:75).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Becker 1963
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lemert 1951
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Enclosed spaces make near perfect surveillance and enforcement possible: people can live unlawfully only if they do not get caught or if the authorities look the other way (Sykes [1958] 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sykes [1958] 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, men and women on 6th Street evade and resist the authorities, at times calling on the state for their own purposes, to make claims for themselves as honorable people, and to exercise power over one another.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fugitives are, in point of fact, resisting the will of the authorities, and whether or not this resistance is in the end liberatory, their daily lives and the forms of power governing them are clearly distinct from those of inmates subject to panoptic power.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“If the sanction is confinement in a prison, workhouse, or mental asylum, we may see a group of people living as inmates or subjects as described by Foucault' s panopticon (or in the way that Sykes [1958] (2007) described people living in prisons or Goffman [1961] described people living in total institutions). But we will also see, outside of these institutions, an apparatus charged with”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Foucault 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sykes [1958] 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Goffman 1961
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For the young men of 6th Street, being 'on the run' takes the place of, or at least works in concert with, the 'manly flaws' described by Liebow as a means to retain self respect in the face of failure.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Liebow 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young men on the run in Philadelphia can tell us something about how power operates in contemporary society.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this, I gathered that Mike had not gone to Parents'Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school' s administration.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data presented here merely suggest that current policies in Philadelphia grant a sizable group of people-before they are convicted of crimes and after they have served a sentence-an illegal or semilegal status, and that this status makes it difficult for them to interact with legitimate institutions without being arrested and sent to jail.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Garland (1990:168) argues that a significant failing of Discipline and Punish is that it describes 'the control potential possessed by modern power-knowledge technologies as if it were the reality of their present-day operation. '”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garland 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While legal entanglements may exacerbate these difficulties, being wanted also serves as a way to save face and to explain inadequacies.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once a man is wanted, maintaining a stable routine, being with his partner and family, going to work, and using the police may link him to the authorities and lead to his confinement.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The life of a suspect or a fugitive is quite different from the life of a captive, even though broadly speaking, the same forms of power-observation, examination, the keeping of files-may sustain them both.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure that those close to him will not inform on him, a young man comes and goes in irregular and unpredictable ways, remaining elusive and untrusting, sleeping in different beds, and deceiving those close to him about his whereabouts and plans.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Even more people were issued bench warrants for missing court or for unpaid court fees, or arrest warrants for failure to turn themselves in for a crime.
“Even more people were issued bench warrants for missing court or for unpaid court fees, or arrest warrants for failure to turn themselves in for a crime.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey reports of warrants and household composition are accurate.
“In the survey that Chuck and I conducted in 2007, of the 217 households that make up the 6th Street neighborhood, we found 308 men between the ages of 18 and 30 in residence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 6th Street neighborhood and its residents are representative enough of poor Black urban communities that findings about them can support general claims about 'poor communities' and 'the modern ghetto.'
“Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities”
The paper relies on this without support.
The men's retrospective accounts and the researcher's observations are sufficient to infer their motives for avoiding work, family events, and other obligations.
“From this, I gathered that Mike had not gone to Parents'Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school' s administration.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ ON BEING WANTED
“Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison. Out of the 139 weeks that he was not incarcerated, he spent 87 weeks on probation or parole for five overlapping sentences.”
§ ON BEING WANTED
“Mike had at least 51 court appearances over this five-year period, 47 of which I attended.”
Citations
Cites
Punishment and inequality in America
Joseph, M. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4178 · Cited by 2,066
Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory
Garland, D. (1990) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226922508.001.0001 · Cited by 1,917
Simon, J. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195181081.001.0001 · Cited by 1,674
Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration
Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh
WACQUANT, L. (2001) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/14624740122228276 · Cited by 1,215
Black, D. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095143 · Cited by 963
Invisible punishment : the collateral consequences of mass imprisonment
Mauer, M., & Chesney‐Lind, M. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 924
Comfort, M. L. (2008) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226114682.001.0001 · Cited by 916
(1986) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(86)90131-5 · Cited by 892
Reining, P. C., & Stack, C. Β. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064104 · Cited by 781
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Anderson Elijah, 1999, Code of the Street
- Becker Howard, 1963, Outsiders
- Bourgois Philippe, 1995, In Search of Respect
- Cayton Horace, 1993, Black Metropolis
- 10.9783/9780812201802 · DOI
- Duneier Mitchell, 1999, Sidewalk
- Edin Kathryn, 1997, Making Ends Meet
- Foucault Michel, 1979, Discipline and Punish
- Glaze Lauren, 2006, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin.
- Goffman Erving, 1961, Asylums
- Jacobs Bruce, 1999, Dealing Crack
- LeBlanc Adrian Nicole, 2003, Random Family
- Liebow Elliot, 1967, Tally's Corner
- Newman Katherine, 1999, No Shame in My Game
- Stack Carol, 1974, All Our Kin
- Wacquant Loïc, 2004, Body and Soul
- Western Bruce, 2004, Imprisoning America, 21
- Williams Terry, 1992, Crackhouse
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–436 of 436
De polvo en polvo: Consumo de drogas y violencia en un barrio popular de Quito
Taborda, S. U., & Rodríguez, F. A. (2020) · doi:10.7476/9789978105740.0006
Auyero, J., & Sobering, K. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190915537.003.0001
(2015) · Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.pum.3823
Parental Incarceration and Family Reunification
Bowser, M., & Popejoy, E. K. (2022) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9209-0.ch013
The Institutional Setting of Prisons and Health
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0001
The Policy Challenges of Incarceration and Health
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0007
The Effects of Incarceration on the Health of People in Prison
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0003
The Uncertain Legal Mandate of Prison Health Care
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0002
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.002.0004
The Collision of Prisons and Health
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0008
The Effects of Incarceration on Health Care Systems
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0006
The Effects of Incarceration on Communities
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., & Uggen, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190603823.003.0005
Raumbezogene Radikalisierungsprävention
Kurtenbach, S., Schumilas, L., & Zick, A. (2022) · Urban studies · doi:10.14361/9783839461075-005
Butler, R. D. (2023) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2023.2231876
“Goffman (2009, 2014), writing about Black couples in a Philadelphia neighborhood, has suggested that the status of romantic partners—men who were on probation or had warrants issued for their arrest—contributed to the phenomenon of police utilization by women, as it gave the women increased…”
Police Discriminatory Enforcement and Excessive Force
MacLean, C. E., & Densley, J. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39082-1_7
Treiber, K., & Gelsthorpe, L. R. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807513.002.0005
Koch, I. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807513.002.0004
Auyero, J., & Sobering, K. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190915537.002.0004
Auyero, J., & Sobering, K. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190915537.002.0006
Auyero, J., & Sobering, K. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190915537.002.0007
Doering, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066574.002.0006
Doering, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066574.002.0003
Doering, J. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190066574.005.0001
Review of “Before Gentrification: The Creation of DC’s Racial Wealth Gap.”
Jang–Trettien, C. (2024) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soae117
Impact of Immigration Policy on Immigrant Families: Current Research and Future Directions
Lonobile, C., & Sheftel, M. G. (2024) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66679-7_10
Child Incarceration and Maternal Alcohol Use: Disentangling Within- and Between-Person Processes
Greene, K. M., & Warner, C. (2024) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231241287670
“Research demonstrates that Child Protective Services caseworkers’ perceptions of the substance abuse of parents directly affect their decisions related to child maltreatment and removal even when adjusting for a host of risk factors (Berger et al. 2010).”
On the Streets and in the Brothels
Boittin, M. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316831946.004
The spillovers of police violence and surveillance
McHarris, P. V. (2020) · Social Psychological Review · doi:10.53841/bpsspr.2020.22.2.11
Navigating red tape and contested space: unhoused black men in urban america
Ellis, J. A., & Christopher, K. (2025) · Sociological Spectrum · doi:10.1080/02732173.2025.2591249
“Stigmatization refers to an attribute that is deeply discredited (Goffman 2009), such as being identified as poor or lacking housing in U.S. society.”
Denver, M., Navarro, O., & Brunson, R. K. (2026) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278251410955
“There is existing support for the system avoidance perspective (e.g., Brayne 2014; Goffman 2009; see also Haney 2018), but researchers also point to limitations with existing national survey data, including unclear temporal ordering and restricted measures (e.g., Brayne 2022; Remster and Kramer…”
The plebeian metropolis : a residual sociology of popular autonomies in Lagos and Mexico City
Salvaire, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/06eb06b1z6498z48c4zabbczd2712cee6168
Impacts beyond the penal population: Incarceration perceptions and trust in criminal courts
Fredes, D., Chávez, L. M., González, J. C., & Cortés, F. (2026) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2026.100862
Ragan, D. T., & Jacobsen, W. C. (2026) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.70067
Ford, N., & Shalev, K. (2026) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102743
Metadata
- Authors
- Goffman, A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goffman, Alice
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 339-357
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W2132561508
- Semantic Scholar
- 057797af002677e6bdef6adfb56f87cdcc0c424f
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 66.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- warrants, mass incarceration, African American neighborhoods, Philadelphia, policing, surveillance, social control, young Black men, curfew violations, court fees, family ties, community ties, punishment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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