The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto
Abstract
Although recent increases in imprisonment are concentrated in poor Black communities, we know little about how daily life within these neighborhoods is affected. Almost all ethnographic work in poor minority neighborhoods was written before the expansion of the criminal justice system, and the bulk of research on “mass imprisonment” relies on survey data, field experiments, or interviews, conceptualizing its impact in terms of current or former felons and their families. Drawing on six years of fieldwork in Philadelphia, this article shifts the focus from imprisonment and criminal records to the increase in policing and supervision in poor Black neighborhoods, and what this has meant for a growing status group of wanted people. For many young men, avoiding jail has become a daily preoccupation: they have warrants out for minor infractions, like failing to pay court fees or breaking curfew, and will be detained if they are identified. Such threat of imprisonment transforms social relations by undermining already tenuous attachments to family, work, and community. But young men also rely on their precarious legal standing to explain failures that would have occurred anyway, while girlfriends and neighbors exploit their wanted status as an instrument of social control. I discuss the implications of my ethnographic observations relative to prior treatments of the poor and policing, and with regard to broader sociological questions about punishment and surveillance in the modern era.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Drawing on six years of fieldwork in a poor Black Philadelphia neighborhood, Goffman shows how policing and supervision create a growing status group of “wanted” young men whose daily fear of capture reshapes family, work, and community life. She argues this is not Foucault’s panoptic discipline but an incomplete checkpoint/flashpoint system that produces suspects and fugitives, while wanted status also becomes an excuse and a resource others use for control.
Key findings
- In a 2007 survey of 217 households on “6th Street,” the authors found 308 men aged 18–30; 144 reported a warrant in the past three years for court fines/fees or failure to appear, and 119 had warrants for technical probation/parole violations such as drinking or breaking curfew.
- During the first 18 months, Goffman observed police stop/search/arrest at least once a day with only five exceptions; she also recorded 52 house raids/searches/chases, 9 helicopter searches, 17 crime-scene blockades, and 14 beatings of young men.
- Wanted status turned hospitals, jobs, police/courts, and intimate ties into paths to confinement: men skipped the birth of a child, refused medical care after a severe beating, avoided calling police when robbed, and sometimes resorted to violence instead.
- Wanted status also served as a resource: girlfriends, relatives, and neighbors threatened to call police or parole officers to control men, and men used warrants to account for failures—e.g., Mike missed Parents’ Day partly because he had not paid school fees, and Steve cited his warrant for unemployment despite not finding work when not wanted.
Methods
- Six years of ethnographic fieldwork (intensive observation January 2002–August 2003, continuing through 2007) in a poor to working-class Black Philadelphia neighborhood called “6th Street,” centered on a loose group of about 15 young men; Goffman also visited jails and prisons and interviewed two lawyers, a district attorney, three probation officers, two police officers, and a federal district court judge.
- In 2007, Goffman and a resident conducted a survey of 217 households in the 6th Street neighborhood, counting men aged 18–30 and asking about warrants in the past three years.
- Data come mainly from field notes and overheard conversations; Goffman did not use a tape recorder, so quoted speech is a close approximation, and she generally did not ask direct questions.
Limitations
- The paper states it cannot speculate about the net effect of low-level warrant policies on crime or violence; the data only suggest effects on legal status and institutional interaction.
- The paper notes that because no tape recorder was used, even quoted speech should be taken only as a close approximation, and that most material comes from observations or overheard conversations rather than direct questions.
- Evident from the text: the study is a single-neighborhood ethnography of a small, nonrandom group of men, with no comparison site or quantitative causal design, and the researcher’s presence and racial difference may have shaped access and interactions.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
65 Own interpretation · 36 Own result · 22 No basis given · 16 Sources not found · 5 No full text of the sources · 5 Not checked yet · 1 Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those on probation or parole, on house arrest, and who were going through a trial expressed concern that they would soon be picked up and taken into custody for some violation that would 'come up in the system.'”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Out of the 139 weeks that he was not incarcerated, he spent 87 weeks on probation or parole for five overlapping sentences.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even those with no pending legal action expressed concern that the police might 'find some reason to hold them' because of what they had done, who or what they knew, or what they carried on their person.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young men worried that they would be picked up by the police and taken into custody even when they did not have a warrant out for their arrest.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the first year and a half of fieldwork, I watched the police stop pedestrians or people in cars, search them, run their names to see if any warrants came up, ask them to come in for questioning, or make an arrest at least once a day, with five exceptions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family members and friends who are not themselves caught up in the justice system may be threatened with eviction or with having their children taken away if they do not provide information about the young men in their lives.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the survey that Chuck and I conducted in 2007, of the 217 households that make up the 6th Street neighborhood, we found 308 men between the ages of 18 and 30 in residence.”
plainn = 308- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I watched the police break down doors, search houses, and question, arrest, or chase suspects through houses 52 times.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I pleaded with him to go to the hospital. He refused, saying that his parole officer might hear of it and serve him a violation for being out past curfew, for fighting, for drinking, or any other number of infractions.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When Chuck, Mike, and Steve assembled outside, the first topic of the day was frequently who had been taken into custody the night before and who had outrun the cops and gotten away.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned (Wildeman 2009).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildeman 2009 source
In “The Risk of Paternal, Maternal, and Parental Imprisonment,” the paper says that 25% of Black children born in 1990 had a father sent to prison. Its estimates measure imprisonment by the child's 14th birthday. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He spent 35 weeks with a warrant out for his arrest, and in total had 10 warrants issued on him.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is common practice for the police to put pressure on friends, girlfriends, and family members to provide information, particularly when these people have their own warrants, are serving probation or parole, or have a pending trial.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The police also use a sophisticated computer mapping program that tracks people who have warrants or are on probation, parole, or released on bail.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I got there a few hours after the baby was born, in time to see two police officers come into the room and arrest Alex. He had violated his parole a few months before by drinking alcohol and had a warrant out for his arrest.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alex spent a year back upstate on the parole violation.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an interview, two police officers explained that when they are looking for a suspect, they access Social Security records, court records, hospital admission records, electric and gas bills, and employment records.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The judge ruled in Chuck' s favor, and he was granted visitation on Sundays at a court-supervised daycare site.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mike had at least 51 court appearances over this five-year period, 47 of which I attended.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the fight began, Chuck was in the storeroom talking on the phone with his girlfriend. He came out, he said, and saw six police officers staring at him. At this point he called and asked me to come and pick up his house keys, fairly certain he would be taken into custody. When I got there he was driving away in the back of the police car.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the first year and a half I spent on 6th Street, I noted 24 instances in which members of the group contacted the police when they were injured, robbed, or threatened. These men were either in good standing with the courts or had no pending legal constraints.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 6th Street neighborhood, a person was occasionally 'on the run' because he was a suspect in a shooting or robbery, but most people around 6th Street had warrants out for far more minor infractions.”
plainn = 308- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2002, curfews were established around 6th Street for those under age 18 and video cameras had been placed on major streets.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Six years later, Mike was the only one to have graduated from high school.”
plainn = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T wo parole officers arrested him the next day as he was leaving the Taco Bell. He spent a year back upstate for this violation.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Police, jail, and court language permeates general conversation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He mentioned that he thought their knowledge of his new address must have come from the time he reported the robbery.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The five blocks known as 6th Street are 93 percent Black, according to a survey of residents that Chuck and I conducted in 2007.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having a warrant may not be the reason why Steve, for example, did not look for work, but it was a fact that police officers did go to a man' s place of work to arrest him, and that some of the men experienced this first-hand.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, I found that family members living with a relative or boyfriend with a warrant out for his arrest are caught between three difficult lines of action: allowing him to stay in their homes and placing their own safety and security in jeopardy, casting him out, or betraying him by turning him in to the police.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A young man thus does not attend the birth of his child, nor seek medical help when he is badly beaten.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“She told them that Reggie had shot at her niece, and the police put out a body warrant for his arrest for attempted murder.”
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
“Michelle and her aunt did not show up at three consecutive court dates, and after six months the case for attempted murder was dropped and Reggie came home.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few days later, Chuck drove over to 8th Street with Mike and Steve and shot at the young man whom he believed was responsible for blowing up his car. Although no one was injured, a neighbor reported the incident and the police put out a body warrant for Chuck' s arrest for attempted murder.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girlfriends, neighbors, and family members threaten to call the police on young men to 'keep them in line,' and occasionally they call the police or get a man arrested as payback for some perceived wrong.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Residents of the neighborhood I studied do not find that their movements are tightly controlled and regimented, as they would be in a prison or convent; they do not eat, sleep, and live together under the watchful gaze of one central authority, nor is their privacy and personal property permanently denied them”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One afternoon when Mike was sitting on a neighbor's steps, a squad car pulled up and two police officers arrested him. He had a bench warrant out for missing a court date.”
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
“Although Marie did call the cops and get Mike taken into custody that day, she was the first person to visit him in county jail after he got out of quarantine”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spaces like the 6th street neighborhood, however, many people break the law without the authorities knowing; many others are known to be in violation but the authorities do not have the resources or the ability (or, to be more cynical, the desire) to locate them all and bring them to justice.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“African American former felons face significant discrimination in the labor market, as well as health costs, obstacles to housing, and large-scale disenfranchisement (Hammett, Harmon, and Rhodes 2002; Pager 2007; Rubenstein and Mukamal 2002; Uggen and Manza 2002; Western 2006).”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that some young men may be taken into custody if they encounter the authorities is a background expectation of everyday interaction in this community.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Foucault (1979) suggested that the modern era would increasingly be characterized by surveillance and that state monitoring of citizens would become increasingly complete.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Foucault 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The number of police officers per capita increased dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century in cities across the United States (Reiss 1992).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reiss 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like going to the hospital or using the police and the courts, even more intimate relationsfriends, family, and romantic partners-may pose a threat and thus have to be avoided or at least carefully navigated.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result is a complex interactive system in which ghetto residents become caught in constraining legal entanglements while simultaneously calling on the criminal justice system to achieve a measure of power over one another in their daily lives.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Y oung men' s hesitation to go to the police or to make use of the courts when they are wronged, because of concern they will be arrested, means they became the targets of theft and violence because it is assumed they will not press charges.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, much of the research literature, which relies on statistical data, field experiments, or interviews, most often centers on the consequences of going to prison.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like going to work or to hospitals, using the police and the courts was risky.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Until recently, these people comprised only a small group of criminals in a neighborhood: most residents of poor Black communities did not interact much with the authorities.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Anderson 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Liebow 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the findings reveal, the dealings these young men have with the police, the courts, and the probation and parole board grant them an illegal or semilegal status and instill an overriding fear of capture.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children learn at an early age to watch out for the police and to prepare to run.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In 2006, more than 14 million people were arrested and charged with a criminal offense in the United States, and more than five million people were under probation or parole supervision (Glaze and Bonzcar 2006; U.S. Department of Justice 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Glaze and Bonzcar 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites U.S. Department of Justice 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expansions in incarceration have been accompanied by increases in policing and supervision in poor communities.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The past few decades have seen the war on crime, the war on drugs, a blossoming of federal and state police agencies and bureaus, steeper sentencing laws, and a near unified endorsement of 'zero-tolerance' policies from police and civic leaders (Beckett 1997; Simon 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Beckett 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simon 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department supervised more than 60,000 people in 2006.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 60,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After Alex was arrested, other young men expressed hesitation to go to the hospital when their babies were born.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Black (1983) argues that some crimes can be understood as people taking matters into their own hands, that is, punishing people whom they consider to have committed a crime. This kind of self-help crime is typically carried out when the police and the courts are unavailable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Black (1983) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These occasional examinations (the urine test during a probation meeting, the stop and frisk on a street corner, the raid of a house, or the running of a driver' s name in the police database to see if any warrants come up) are put to use not-as Foucault envisioned-to dole out a range of small punishments and rewards in the interest of correction and training, but to identify people who may”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Philadelphia, the courts can issue an arrest warrant if a person fails to pay fines for traffic violations or misses a court date in regard to these violations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is with these groups that residents of the modern ghetto may find some common experience.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surveillance and supervision in the ghetto are incomplete not only because people are widely able to break the rules and to evade the authorities, but also because the forms of supervision do not strive to be all-encompassing in the first place.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He avoids the police and the courts, even if it means using violence when he is injured or becoming the target of others who are looking for someone to rob.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A person can also be imprisoned for failing to pay moving violation fines (Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a man exhausts these possibilities and gets taken into custody, he may try to avoid jail time by informing on the people he knows.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead of thinking of residents of the modern ghetto as inmates of prisons or other panoptic places, we might compare ghetto residents to other semilegal or illegal people who qualify for some sanction and who are trying to avoid it: undocumented immigrants who are at risk of being deported, Jews living in Nazi Germany who may be sent to concentration camps, draftdodgers or deserters from the”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever the strategy, a man finds that as long as he is at risk of confinement, staying out of prison and participating in institutions like family, work, and friendship become contradictory goals; doing one reduces his chance of achieving the other.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings presented here confirm these important theses, but my fieldwork also suggests that those so managed are hardly hapless victims, immobilized in webs of control.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Declining to engage authorities when there may be concrete reasons for doing so should be considered in this context.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Contemporary theories of social stratification and political sociology argue that the criminal justice system has become a vehicle for passing on disadvantage (Western 2006) and 'an instrument for the management of dispossessed and dishonored groups' (Wacquant 2001:95).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Western 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wacquant 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The police and the courts become dangerous to interact with, as does showing up to work or going to places like hospitals.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, the policing of the modern ghetto may be usefully juxtaposed to the influential theory of power Foucault outlines in Discipline and Punish (for discussions of Foucault' s dominant position in the sociology of punishment see Cohen 1985; Garland 1990).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cohen 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garland 1990 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 6th street neighborhood, one indeed finds monitoring and supervision, but this monitoring does not put an end to fear. In fact, the lives of residents are organized precisely around fear, that is, the fear of being sent to jail.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities-a climate in which family members and friends are pressured to inform on one another and young men live as suspects and fugitives, with the daily fear of confinement.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People in the modern policed ghetto do not live as tightly controlled and disciplined subjects. Rather, they are living as semilegal or illegal people, coping with the daily threat of capture and confinement.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Labeling theory suggests that those accorded a deviant status come to engage in deviance because of being labeled as such (Becker 1963; Lemert 1951). This phenomenon is known as 'secondary deviance' (Lemert 1951:75).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Becker 1963
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lemert 1951
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Enclosed spaces make near perfect surveillance and enforcement possible: people can live unlawfully only if they do not get caught or if the authorities look the other way (Sykes [1958] 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sykes [1958] 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, men and women on 6th Street evade and resist the authorities, at times calling on the state for their own purposes, to make claims for themselves as honorable people, and to exercise power over one another.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fugitives are, in point of fact, resisting the will of the authorities, and whether or not this resistance is in the end liberatory, their daily lives and the forms of power governing them are clearly distinct from those of inmates subject to panoptic power.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“If the sanction is confinement in a prison, workhouse, or mental asylum, we may see a group of people living as inmates or subjects as described by Foucault' s panopticon (or in the way that Sykes [1958] (2007) described people living in prisons or Goffman [1961] described people living in total institutions). But we will also see, outside of these institutions, an apparatus charged with”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Foucault 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Sykes [1958] 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Goffman 1961
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For the young men of 6th Street, being 'on the run' takes the place of, or at least works in concert with, the 'manly flaws' described by Liebow as a means to retain self respect in the face of failure.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Liebow 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young men on the run in Philadelphia can tell us something about how power operates in contemporary society.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this, I gathered that Mike had not gone to Parents'Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school' s administration.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data presented here merely suggest that current policies in Philadelphia grant a sizable group of people-before they are convicted of crimes and after they have served a sentence-an illegal or semilegal status, and that this status makes it difficult for them to interact with legitimate institutions without being arrested and sent to jail.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Garland (1990:168) argues that a significant failing of Discipline and Punish is that it describes 'the control potential possessed by modern power-knowledge technologies as if it were the reality of their present-day operation. '”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garland 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While legal entanglements may exacerbate these difficulties, being wanted also serves as a way to save face and to explain inadequacies.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once a man is wanted, maintaining a stable routine, being with his partner and family, going to work, and using the police may link him to the authorities and lead to his confinement.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The life of a suspect or a fugitive is quite different from the life of a captive, even though broadly speaking, the same forms of power-observation, examination, the keeping of files-may sustain them both.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure that those close to him will not inform on him, a young man comes and goes in irregular and unpredictable ways, remaining elusive and untrusting, sleeping in different beds, and deceiving those close to him about his whereabouts and plans.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Even more people were issued bench warrants for missing court or for unpaid court fees, or arrest warrants for failure to turn themselves in for a crime.
“Even more people were issued bench warrants for missing court or for unpaid court fees, or arrest warrants for failure to turn themselves in for a crime.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The survey reports of warrants and household composition are accurate.
“In the survey that Chuck and I conducted in 2007, of the 217 households that make up the 6th Street neighborhood, we found 308 men between the ages of 18 and 30 in residence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 6th Street neighborhood and its residents are representative enough of poor Black urban communities that findings about them can support general claims about 'poor communities' and 'the modern ghetto.'
“Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities”
The paper relies on this without support.
The men's retrospective accounts and the researcher's observations are sufficient to infer their motives for avoiding work, family events, and other obligations.
“From this, I gathered that Mike had not gone to Parents'Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school' s administration.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ ON BEING WANTED
“Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison. Out of the 139 weeks that he was not incarcerated, he spent 87 weeks on probation or parole for five overlapping sentences.”
§ ON BEING WANTED
“Mike had at least 51 court appearances over this five-year period, 47 of which I attended.”
Citations
Cites
Punishment and inequality in America
Joseph, M. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4178 · Cited by 2,066
Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory
Garland, D. (1990) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226922508.001.0001 · Cited by 1,917
Simon, J. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195181081.001.0001 · Cited by 1,674
Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration
Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
Deadly Symbiosis: When Ghetto and Prison Meet and Mesh
WACQUANT, L. (2001) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/14624740122228276 · Cited by 1,215
Black, D. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095143 · Cited by 963
Invisible punishment : the collateral consequences of mass imprisonment
Mauer, M., & Chesney‐Lind, M. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 924
Comfort, M. L. (2008) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226114682.001.0001 · Cited by 916
(1986) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(86)90131-5 · Cited by 892
Reining, P. C., & Stack, C. Β. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2064104 · Cited by 781
Research works printed but not linked: 18
- Anderson Elijah, 1999, Code of the Street
- Becker Howard, 1963, Outsiders
- Bourgois Philippe, 1995, In Search of Respect
- Cayton Horace, 1993, Black Metropolis
- 10.9783/9780812201802 · DOI
- Duneier Mitchell, 1999, Sidewalk
- Edin Kathryn, 1997, Making Ends Meet
- Foucault Michel, 1979, Discipline and Punish
- Glaze Lauren, 2006, Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin.
- Goffman Erving, 1961, Asylums
- Jacobs Bruce, 1999, Dealing Crack
- LeBlanc Adrian Nicole, 2003, Random Family
- Liebow Elliot, 1967, Tally's Corner
- Newman Katherine, 1999, No Shame in My Game
- Stack Carol, 1974, All Our Kin
- Wacquant Loïc, 2004, Body and Soul
- Western Bruce, 2004, Imprisoning America, 21
- Williams Terry, 1992, Crackhouse
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jerolmack, C., & Khan, S. (2014) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124114523396 · Cited by 817
The Growth of Incarceration in the United States
National Research Council (2014) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/18613 · Cited by 648
“Moreover, if disadvantaged communities disproportionately produce prisoners, they will disproportionately draw them back upon release, which in turn will generate additional hardships in terms of surveillance imposed on the community (Goffman, 2009), the financial strains of housing and employment support and addictio…”
Disposable Ties and the Urban Poor
Desmond, M. (2012) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/663574 · Cited by 574
Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment
Brayne, S. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414530398 · Cited by 538
Political Consequences of the Carceral State
WEAVER, V. M., & LERMAN, A. E. (2010) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055410000456 · Cited by 506
“…Achen, Alec Ewald, Christopher Howard, Paul Pierson, Meredith Sadin, John Sides, Christopher Wildeman, members of the University of Virginia Politics Department workshop, and the American Political Science Review anonymous reviewers. communities (Goffman 2009; Gelman, Fagan, and Kiss 2007).”
Massoglia, M., & Pridemore, W. A. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112326 · Cited by 479
“…of incarceration for family functioning, including the mental health of inmates’ partners, the behavior of their children, and the impact of incarceration on marital dissolution (Comfort 2007, Goffman 2009, Lopoo & Western 2005, Massoglia et al. 2011, Turney et al. 2012, Western & Wildeman 2009).”
RATCLIFFE, J. H., TANIGUCHI, T., GROFF, E. R., & WOOD, J. D. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00240.x · Cited by 436
Wildeman, C. (2010) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0055 · Cited by 417
Drawing Blood from Stones: Legal Debt and Social Inequality in the Contemporary United States
Harris, A., Evans, H., & Beckett, K. (2010) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/651940 · Cited by 375
“And in her ethnographic study of a poor Philadelphia neighborhood, Goffman (2009) recounts several incidents of reincarceration (for up to a year) for failure to pay LFOs among the roughly 15 young men included in her study (see also New York Times 2009; Schwartz 2009).”
On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City
Cohen, P. N. (2015) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sov113 · Cited by 381
THE EDGE OF STIGMA: AN EXPERIMENTAL AUDIT OF THE EFFECTS OF LOW‐LEVEL CRIMINAL RECORDS ON EMPLOYMENT
UGGEN, C., VUOLO, M., LAGESON, S., RUHLAND, E., & K. WHITHAM, H. (2014) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12051 · Cited by 367
Filling the Glass: Gender Perspectives on Families
Ferree, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00711.x · Cited by 339
“‘‘Bad mothers,’’ a powerfully racialized group, have become subjected to intensified strategies of social control (Flavin, 2009; Springer, in press), and young Black men’s family relations are disrupted by extremely high levels of police surveillance (Goffman, 2009).”
Beyond Incarceration: Criminal Justice Contact and Mental Health
Sugie, N. F., & Turney, K. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417713188 · Cited by 300
Fong, K. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420938460 · Cited by 275
“Although the dual nature of surveillance may provide some families with needed support, the possibility of coercive intervention as well as the record-keeping involved in surveillance may provoke anxiety and fear (Asad 2020; Goffman 2009).”
Despair by Association? The Mental Health of Mothers with Children by Recently Incarcerated Fathers
Wildeman, C., Schnittker, J., & Turney, K. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122411436234 · Cited by 282
Forced Relocation and Residential Instability among Urban Renters
Desmond, M., Gershenson, C., & Kiviat, B. (2015) · Social Service Review · doi:10.1086/681091 · Cited by 228
“…have been linked to residential mobility and particularly to forced mobility ðDesmond et al. 2013Þ. Individuals with criminal records may exhibit higher rates of residential instability, either because they rely on others for housing or because they are on the run ðWestern 2006; Goffman 2009Þ.”
Perry (2014) · doi:10.1177/0003122414556308 · Cited by 254
“In her research, young men who were wanted by authorities fostered unpredictability in their families and neighborhoods by “ducking in and out” of people’s lives (Goffman 2009:351).”
Situational Trust: How Disadvantaged Mothers Reconceive Legal Cynicism
Bell, M. C. (2016) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12200 · Cited by 250
“Goffman (2009), in an ethnographic study of a Philadelphia neighborhood, finds that women sometimes proactively contact the police as a means of socially controlling their male intimate partners, and at other times are actively coerced to report their partner’s, son’s, or grandson’s whereabouts…”
InfluentialMisdemeanor Justice: Control without Conviction
Kohler-Hausmann, I. (2013) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/674743 · Cited by 243
Sewell, A. A., Jefferson, K. A., & Lee, H. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.024 · Cited by 241
Stigma or Separation? Understanding the Incarceration-Divorce Relationship
Massoglia, M., Remster, B., & King, R. D. (2011) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/90.1.133 · Cited by 232
Turney, K., & Wildeman, C. (2013) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122413505589 · Cited by 232
“Moreover, for fathers on parole struggling to avoid imprisonment, their liminal status further shifts power dynamics toward mothers (Goffman 2009; Nurse 2002), potentially leading to greater instability in already strained romantic relationships.”
Reconsidering the Value of Covert Research
Roulet, T. J., Gill, M., Stenger, S., & Gill, D. J. (2017) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428117698745 · Cited by 242
“…role of covert research in shaping social science both historically (e.g., Festinger et al., 2008; E. Goffman, 1961) and more recently (e.g., A. Goffman, 2009, 2015), many professional academic associations in psychology and sociology continue to permit the use of deceptive approaches,…”
Diversity in Pathways to Parenthood: Patterns, Implications, and Emerging Research Directions
Smock, P. J., & Greenland, F. R. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00719.x · Cited by 187
Parental Incarceration, Child Homelessness, and the Invisible Consequences of Mass Imprisonment
Wildeman, C. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213502921 · Cited by 195
The Ethical Dilemmas and Social Scientific Trade-offs of Masking in Ethnography
Jerolmack, C., & Murphy, A. K. (2017) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124117701483 · Cited by 181
Desmond, M., & Valdez, N. M. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122412470829 · Cited by 183
“The fact that inner-city neighborhoods are subjected to heightened levels of supervision and policing (Goffman 2009; Rios 2011) might lead us to hypothesize that nuisance property citations will be disproportionately deployed in such neighborhoods, even after accounting for their crime rates…”
Stigma, housing and identity after prison
Keene, D. E., Smoyer, A. B., & Blankenship, K. M. (2018) · The Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0038026118777447 · Cited by 180
“Furthermore, the policing and monitoring of marginalized urban spaces where residents’ criminal behavior is often assumed, may work to reveal concealable histories (Goffman, 2009; Wacquant, 2008).”
Public Emergency Room Overcrowding in the Era of Mass Imprisonment
Lara-Millán, A. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414549552 · Cited by 165
Koester, S., Mueller, S. R., Raville, L., Langegger, S., & Binswanger, I. A. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.008 · Cited by 165
Fong, K. (2018) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soy093 · Cited by 165
“…from medical, welfare, legal, labor market, or educational institutions, the focus of previous research on system avoidance (Brayne 2014; Goffman 2009; Haskins and Jacobsen 2017; Lageson 2016), only doing so in situations they felt certain would draw CPS attention if authorities were…”
InfluentialGilbert, K. L., & Ray, R. (2015) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x · Cited by 159
“This is a particularly salient point, as it relates to highlighting how gendered racialization and its consequences have existed since the earliest days of the USA.30,31 Criminalization may lead to divergent health outcomes—in the most extreme cases, mortality differentials—for black versus non-black males.”
InfluentialThe Moral Economy of Violence in the US Inner City
Karandinos, G., Hart, L. K., Castrillo, F. M., & Bourgois, P. I. (2013) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/674613 · Cited by 150
“In the context of the US War on Drugs, this effectively condemns a large portion of local residents to lives of chronic incarceration (Goffman 2009; Wacquant 2009).”
Anteby, M., & Chan, C. K. (2018) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2017.1175 · Cited by 142
“In the past few decades, surveillance has permeated numerous social arenas, including inner cities and school systems (e.g., Goffman 2009, 2015; Monahan and Torre 2010).”
Structural bias in the sentencing of felony defendants
Sutton, J. R. (2013) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.003 · Cited by 142
“At the same time, the spread of zero-tolerance policing and anti-gang initiatives in many cities has led to intensified surveillance of black and Latino men (Goffman, 2009; Rios, 2011), raising their risk of arrest and contributing significantly to racial disparities in imprisonment rates.”
Somewhere between Jim Crow & Post-Racialism: Reflections on the Racial Divide in America Today
Bobo, L. D. (2011) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_00091 · Cited by 136
“The Regular Routine”: Proactive Policing and Adolescent Development Among Young, Poor Black Men
Jones, N. (2014) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20053 · Cited by 129
“Young Black men who are not “on the run,” a term used by locals to describe individuals who are actively avoiding contact with law enforcement (Goffman, 2009), often congregate on neighborhood street corners.”
Imprisonment and Infant Mortality
Wildeman, C. (2012) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.228 · Cited by 134
“(Nurse 2002:52-54) and contact with the criminal justice system more broadly (Goffman 2009)”
Behavioral nudges reduce failure to appear for court
Fishbane, A., Ouss, A., & Shah, A. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb6591 · Cited by 118
“They may be less likely to go to hospitals for medical treatment or to show up to regular jobs, and they may frequently change their housing (21).”
Haskins, A. R., & Jacobsen, W. C. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417709294 · Cited by 124
Cleve, N. G. V., & Mayes, L. (2015) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12113 · Cited by 124
Hopelessly Devoted? Relationship Quality During and After Incarceration
Turney, K. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12174 · Cited by 123
“These include stigma and the resentment that accompanies stigma (Braman, 2004), fear that a partner will be sent back to prison or jail (Goffman, 2009), fathers’ identity transformation (Arditti et al., 2005), the dashed hopes following optimism during incarceration (Braman, 2004; Roy & Dyson,…”
The Penology of Racial Innocence: The Erasure of Racism in the Study and Practice of Punishment
Murakawa, N., & Beckett, K. (2010) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00420.x · Cited by 124
The Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Maternal Neglect and Harsh Parenting
Turney, K. (2014) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot160 · Cited by 115
On the Radar: System Embeddedness and Latin American Immigrants' Perceived Risk of Deportation
Asad, A. L. (2020) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12460 · Cited by 118
Social Disadvantage and Network Turnover
Cornwell, B. T. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu078 · Cited by 111
“This, in turn, can create distrust, uncertainty, asynchrony , and a lack of cooperation in disadvantaged individuals' personal networks (Goffman, 2009; Miller-Cribbs & Farber, 2008; Smith, 2007).”
Reyes, V. (2017) · Ethnography · doi:10.1177/1466138117733754 · Cited by 105
Elliott, S., & Reid, M. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122419833386 · Cited by 118
“Theresa pointed to the broad context in which Black youth are unjustly surveilled and presumed guilty, an aspect of criminalization confirmed by a body of research (e.g., Ferguson 2000; Goffman 2009; Jones 2010; Miller 2008; Rios 2011).”
Taxing the Poor: Incarceration, Poverty Governance, and the Seizure of Family Resources
Katzenstein, M., & Waller, M. R. (2015) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s153759271500122x · Cited by 81
Punishment and Welfare: Paternal Incarceration and Families’ Receipt of Public Assistance
Sugie, N. F. (2012) · Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · doi:10.1093/sf/sos055 · Cited by 104
Liminal Men: Incarceration and Relationship Dissolution
Turney, K. (2015) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spv015 · Cited by 103
Utilizing Smartphones to Study Disadvantaged and Hard-to-Reach Groups
Sugie, N. F. (2016) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115626176 · Cited by 102
“For groups that frequently experience negative interactions with government, issues of privacy, monitoring, and surveillance may be particularly relevant (Brayne 2014; Goffman 2009).”
Ethnography, Data Transparency, and the Information Age
Murphy, A. K., Jerolmack, C., & Smith, D. (2021) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-124805 · Cited by 111
Auyero, J., & Sobering, K. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190915537.001.0001 · Cited by 101
EXPLAINING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INCARCERATION AND DIVORCE
Siennick, S. E., Stewart, E. A., & Staff, J. (2014) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12040 · Cited by 108
The benevolent watch: Therapeutic surveillance in drug treatment court
Moore, D. (2011) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480610396649 · Cited by 92
“In her excellent study of men out on warrants in Philadelphia, Goffman (2009) illustrates how those evading arrest are watched by their family and friends, at times as a control strategy.”
The Runaround: Punishment, Welfare, and Poverty Survival after Prison
Halushka, J. M. (2019) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spz018 · Cited by 90
Koch, I. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807513.001.0001 · Cited by 88
Trottier, D. (2012) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/j.1755-618x.2012.01302.x · Cited by 94
Beckett, K., & Harris, A. (2011) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00726.x · Cited by 85
Cochran, J. C., Mears, D. P., Bales, W. D., & Stewart, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427815592675 · Cited by 89
Moving beyond punitivism: Punishment, state failure and democracy at the margins
Koch, I. (2016) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/1462474516664506 · Cited by 84
“At the urban margins in the US (Goffman 2009, 2014) and the UK (Damer, 1986; Koch, 2014; Rogaly and Taylor, 2009), people call upon the authorities in ways that do not map easily onto the state’s own categories of law and order.”
Exploitative Revenues, Law Enforcement, and the Quality of Government Service
Goldstein, R., Sances, M., & You, H. Y. (2018) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087418791775 · Cited by 92
“This result is consistent with qualitative and quantitative accounts of mistrust between Black communities and the police (Desmond, Papachristos, and Kirk 2016; Goffman 2009; Lerman and Weaver 2014).”
Policing the ‘progressive’ city: The racialized geography of drug law enforcement
Lynch, M., Omori, M. K., Roussell, A., & Valasik, M. A. (2013) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480613476986 · Cited by 82
“Rather than offering social services, officers in these encounters are more likely to initiate searches, and use handcuffing and other physical restraint, verbal humiliation, arrests, and, ultimately, stints of custody (Goffman, 2009; Rios, 2011).”
Undocumented migration and the residential segregation of Mexicans in new destinations
Hall, M., & Stringfield, J. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.009 · Cited by 81
Legal Control of Marginal Groups
Stuart, F. D., Armenta, A., & Osborne, M. (2015) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121433 · Cited by 81
“In a pioneering study of a black neighborhood subjected to aggressive criminal justice surveillance and intrusion, Goffman (2009, 2014) finds that individuals are wary of being apprehended for any range of behaviors, from technical parole violations to outstanding court fines and fees.”
Absent Fathers or Absent Variables? A New Look at Paternal Incarceration and Delinquency
Porter, L. C., & King, R. D. (2014) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427814552080 · Cited by 90
Mass Incarceration, Macrosociology, and the Poor
Western, B., & Muller, C. D. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213475421 · Cited by 85
“Ethnographers have also suggested that in high-crime neighborhoods, violence and interpersonal conflict suffuses social interaction (Anderson 2000; Goffman 2009).”
Boehme, H. M., Cann, D., & Isom, D. A. (2020) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128720974309 · Cited by 87
“…men of Color are more likely to experience fear, anxiety, and worry in highly policed neighborhoods), (Anderson, 2013; Brunson & Weitzer, 2009; Goffman, 2009; Sewell et al., 2016), and criminogenic behavior, negative psychological effects, and diminished physical well-being are also linked to…”
Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C. P., Ratcliffe, J., & Groff, E. R. (2013) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00290.x · Cited by 78
How Work Affects Crime—And Crime Affects Work—Over The Life Course
Lageson, S. E., & Uggen, C. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5113-6_12 · Cited by 80
“Six years of fi eldwork by Alice Goffman ( 2010 ) shows how in the context of mass imprisonment, young black men in disadvantaged neighborhoods spend much of their time “dipping and dodging” to avoid arrest and potential reincarceration, thereby compromising their careers and family relationships.”
Beyond Boys’ Bad Behavior: Paternal Incarceration and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
Haskins, A. R. (2016) · Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation · doi:10.1093/sf/sow066 · Cited by 70
Violence and the State at the Urban Margins
Auyero, J., de Lara, A. B., & Berti, M. F. (2013) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/0891241613494809 · Cited by 73
Gray, P., & Cooper, W. H. (2009) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428109356114 · Cited by 71
“For a current example of the usefulness of thick description, see Goffman (2009) on punishment and surveillance.”
Narco Robin Hoods: Community support for illicit economies and violence in rural Central America
Blume, L. R. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105464 · Cited by 72
The Great Risk Shift and Precarity in the U.S. Housing Market
Dwyer, R. E., & Lassus, L. A. P. (2015) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215577612 · Cited by 68
Quintana, S. M., & Mahgoub, L. (2016) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2016.1148985 · Cited by 71
“Some have argued that the disciplinary practices in United States are preparing African American, Latino, and Native American students for prison more directly than for higher education (e.g., Goffman, 2009; see also Skiba, Arredondo, & Williams, 2014).”
Asad, A. L., & Rosen, E. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2018.1532787 · Cited by 67
“One reputation is of being ‘overpoliced’ (Bell 2018), a dynamic salient in black-majority neighbourhoods in which residents report a primarily punitive police presence (Goffman 2009; Sampson and Bartusch 1998; but see Bell 2016).”
Torrats‐Espinosa, G. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2015577118 · Cited by 66
Neighborhood Violence, Peer Effects, and Academic Achievement in Chicago
Burdick–Will, J. (2018) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/0038040718779063 · Cited by 67
“…suggests that living in a high-crime neighborhood can have a negative impact on interpersonal and institutional trust (Anderson 1999; Bourgois 1995; Goffman 2009; Harding 2010; Sánchez-Jankowski 2008; Venkatesh 2000; Wacquant 2008; see also Kirk and Papachristos 2011; Sampson and Bartusch 1998).”
Discipline and Empower: The State Governance of Migrant Domestic Workers
Parreñas, R. S. (2021) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224211032906 · Cited by 65
Yang, T., Zhao, Y., & Song, Q. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.06.011 · Cited by 63
Clampet‐Lundquist, S., Carr, P. J., & Kefalas, M. J. (2015) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12162 · Cited by 62
School punishment and interpersonal exclusion: Rejection, withdrawal, and separation from friends
Jacobsen, W. C. (2019) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12227 · Cited by 63
“They may also exclude themselves (institutional withdrawal or “system avoidance”) by minimizing involvement with schools, hospitals, or other record-keeping institutions for fear of apprehension or having their record discovered (Brayne, 2014; Goffman, 2009; Haskins & Jacobsen, 2017; Lageson, 2016).”
Withdrawing and Drawing In: Political Discourse in Policed Communities
Weaver, V. M., Prowse, G., & Piston, S. (2020) · The Journal of Race Ethnicity and Politics · doi:10.1017/rep.2019.50 · Cited by 61
“Sociologists have termed this “system avoidance,” whereby custodial populations engage in a wider evasion of medical, labor market, and educational institutions (Brayne 2014; Goffman 2009; Rios 2011) or emergency rooms when police are present (Lara-Millán 2014).”
The Constitution Free Zone in the United States: Law and Life in a State of Carcelment
Dorsey, M. E., & Díaz‐Barriga, M. (2015) · PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review · doi:10.1111/plar.12107 · Cited by 57
Stark, L., & Levy, K. E. C. (2018) · Media Culture & Society · doi:10.1177/0163443718781985 · Cited by 62
“…the romantic partners and kin of young men with active warrants for their arrest; family members are compelled to provide law enforcement with information about the men’s whereabouts under threat of legal action against themselves, including eviction or loss of child custody (Goffman, 2009: 350).”
Criminal Justice Contact and Inequality
Turney, K., & Wakefield, S. (2019) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.1.01 · Cited by 62
“I don't have time for drama”: Managing risk and uncertainty through network avoidance*
Fader, J. J. (2021) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12271 · Cited by 57
“Importantly, women, including romantic partners and mothers, play a role in this complex as they frequently engage the police and the courts as a measure of control in their relations with men (Bell, 2016; Goffman, 2009; Rios, 2011).”
Low-intensity community supervision for low-risk offenders: a randomized, controlled trial
Barnes, G., Ahlman, L., Gill, C., Sherman, L., Kurtz, E., & Malvestuto, R. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9094-4 · Cited by 62
“Therecent Pew Center on the States (2009) report on community corrections, for example, has two leading recommendations that can be summarized as (1) using risk-based sorting of offenders, for (2) choosing evidence-based interventions.”
Mass Imprisonment and Trust in the Law
Muller, C. D., & Schrage, D. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213502928 · Cited by 55
“An African American woman interviewed by Stoutland (2001, 242) in the roxbury section of Boston “was so distrustful of police that she believed the best strategy was to eliminate contact with them.” goffman (2009) describes the strategies young African American men devise to avoid police contact.”
The Offenders’ Perspective on Prevention
Jacques, S., & Reynald, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427811408433 · Cited by 54
Race, Wealth and Incarceration: Results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Zaw, K., Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. J. (2016) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-016-9164-y · Cited by 54
“Furthermore, the criminal ‘‘credential’’ (Pager 2007) associated with incarceration impedes wealth accumulation through stigmatization, poor credit access and lack of access to supportive social institutions (Brayne 2014; Maroto 2014; Wildeman 2014; Goffman 2009).”
González, Y. M. (2017) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/1362480617724826 · Cited by 58
Imprisonment and (inequality in) population health
Wildeman, C. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.07.006 · Cited by 53
Turney, K. (2014) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sou062 · Cited by 53
Incarceration and Household Asset Ownership
Turney, K., & Schneider, D. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0519-1 · Cited by 53
“…income (Western 2006), accrual of legal debt (Harris et al. 2010), involuntary loss of assets (Campbell et al. 2012), relationship dissolution (Western 2006), residence in financially underserved communities (Massoglia et al. 2013), and avoidance of mainstream financial institutions (Goffman 2009).”
Sykes, B. L., & Maroto, M. L. (2016) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2016.2.6.07 · Cited by 57
Beck, B., & Goldstein, A. (2017) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sox076 · Cited by 52
Carmichael, J. T., & Kent, S. L. (2014) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2014.12213 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Goffman, A.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goffman, Alice
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 339-357
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W2132561508
- Semantic Scholar
- 057797af002677e6bdef6adfb56f87cdcc0c424f
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 66.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Keywords
- warrants, mass incarceration, African American neighborhoods, Philadelphia, policing, surveillance, social control, young Black men, curfew violations, court fees, family ties, community ties, punishment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
