The DOI matches its Crossref record; 459 of the 459 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 657 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To provide practical clinical guidance for the treatment of adults with panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder in Australia and New Zealand. Method: Relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials were identified by searching PsycINFO, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. Additional relevant studies were identified from reference lists of identified articles, grey literature and literature known to the working group. Evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations were formulated by synthesising the evidence from efficacy studies, considering effectiveness in routine practice, accessibility and availability of treatment options in Australia and New Zealand, fidelity, acceptability to patients, safety and costs. The draft guidelines were reviewed by expert and clinical advisors, key stakeholders, professional bodies, and specialist groups with interest and expertise in anxiety disorders. Results: The guidelines recommend a pragmatic approach beginning with psychoeducation and advice on lifestyle factors, followed by initial treatment selected in collaboration with the patient from evidence-based options, taking into account symptom severity, patient preference, accessibility and cost. Recommended initial treatment options for all three anxiety disorders are cognitive–behavioural therapy (face-to-face or delivered by computer, tablet or smartphone application), pharmacotherapy (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor together with advice about graded exposure to anxiety triggers), or the combination of cognitive–behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder provide up-to-date guidance and advice on the management of these disorders for use by health professionals in Australia and New Zealand.
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406 Not checked yet · 89 No basis given · 53 Own interpretation · 14 Own method · 9 Own result
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In the paper
“This resulted in exclusion of 388 articles, leaving a final 143 quantitative studies to be included in the qualitative synthesis.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Study selection.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the comparative efficacy of CBT self-help books with dCBT or face-to-face CBT in the treatment of these anxiety disorders has not been assessed in appropriately designed studies.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were insufficient data to estimate the risk of suicide associated with these three disorders.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Suicide risk
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“found that people with panic disorder, SAD and GAD were 50% more likely to experience suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Suicide risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bentley et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is very limited evidence for the comparative efficacy of treatment options to manage treatment-refractory anxiety.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Limitations of the evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Abrupt discontinuation of TCAs may cause similar symptoms.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, evidence does not indicate that any one of these medications is to be preferred”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a review of 96 studies of antidepressants in depression (Rief et al., 2009), the pill placebo effect sizes assessed by rating scales were three times greater than those from self-report scales.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rief et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is also a potential for abuse (Williams et al., 2017).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 2017
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may respond to higher doses within the therapeutic dose range.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 220
- Probably not a substantial claim. 111
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SAD is the most prevalent anxiety disorder, followed by GAD and panic disorder/agoraphobia (Table 3).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This imbalance in favour of the rating scales has been increasing over the years, not due to greater symptom reduction, but due to reduced variance in the assessor ratings.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disability decreases and quality of life improves.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary restrictions are not required with low doses in patients with normal dietary habits (e.g.those who do not consume an excess of tyramine-rich foods), but may be required at higher doses.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moclobemide, a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA), has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of SAD, and there is also limited evidence that it is effective in the treatment of panic disorder.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were five studies of dCBT versus manualised face-to-face CBT, with no significant differences in efficacy, although samples were relatively small.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in younger people, there has been an association of SSRIs with suicidal thoughts, but not completed suicide (Bridge et al., 2007;Hammad et al., 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bridge et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Hammad et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Little evidence is available to guide duration of treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it can take up to 6 weeks to feel a benefit from the medication, or even up to 12 weeks for full benefit.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefits of being on an untreated wait-list control group are small (effect size approximately 0.2) due to natural remission, perhaps being tempered by the knowledge that one has to stay symptomatic if one is to receive treatment after the waiting period.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very few studies have evaluated mirtazapine in the treatment of anxiety disorders.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Three organisations listed on that website have replicated RCTs establishing the efficacy of their services in respect to the disorders covered in these guidelines: Mental Health Online (www.mentalhealthonline.org.au) for panic disorder, MoodGYM (https://moodgym.com.au) for GAD and This Way Up (https://thiswayup.org.au) for panic disorder, SAD and GAD (Andrews et al., 2018).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it is difficult to predict which patients will develop long-term problems”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Benzodiazepines have well-established anxiolytic effects, but there is concern about their use because of adverse effects (e.g.cognitive impairment, falls and sedation), tolerance and dependence (Gale and Millichamp, 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gale and Millichamp, 2011
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In research studies, pre-post changes due to pill placebo are surprisingly large (effect size approximately 1.3; Bandelow et al., 2015), in part due to natural remission and in part due to the expectation that one might be receiving the active medication.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines may have a favourable adverse effect profile in the management of treatment-refractory anxiety disorders, compared with atypical antipsychotic agents.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Risk factors for a discontinuation syndrome include agents with a shorter half-life, experience of significant side effects on starting the medication, taking medication for longer than 8 weeks and concomitant use of other centrally acting medications such as centrally acting antihypertensive agents, antihistamines and antipsychotic agents (Taylor et al., 2015).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of panic disorder and GAD, but their use raises concerns about side effects, tolerability and danger in overdose.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were three effectiveness studies showing that this level of benefit occurred when used in practice and was independent of severity, age or gender (Andrews et al., 2018).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is some evidence to support the use of agomelatine in GAD, but not the other anxiety disorders.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Relative to people with other mental health disorders, people with panic disorder seek help more frequently, although only about one-third of those affected seek help within a year of onset of the disorder (Boyd, 1986;Wang et al., 2005).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Service use.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with panic disorder can have both unexpected and expected panic attacks, with unexpected panic attacks usually occurring during the initial stages of the condition.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, two meta-analyses (Bandelow et al., 2007;Hofmann et al., 2009) concluded that the combination of medication and CBT was better than CBT, and one RCT (van Apeldoorn et al., 2008) found medication equally effective as the combination, suggesting that medication contributed the greater benefit.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites van Apeldoorn et al., 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequency of panic attacks can vary widely from several times per day to one every 6 months, but the anticipatory anxiety does not abate.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no advantage to increasing the minimal therapeutic dose prior to this time.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Panic disorder is associated with substantial economic costs due to decreased work productivity and absenteeism (mean 36 days/year; de Graaf et al., 2012), increased health care utilisation and high medical costs (Batelaan et al., 2007;Gros et al., 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Graaf et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Batelaan et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Gros et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With CBT, 8 out of 10 people will improve, and 5 out of 10 will recover completely and will stay well.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical guidance for clinicians
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another RCT (van Apeldoorn et al., 2008) and a narrative review (Würz and Sungur, 2009) concluded that CBT was equally effective as the combination of medication and CBT, suggesting that CBT contributed the greater benefit in combination therapy.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Apeldoorn et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Würz and Sungur, 2009
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefits from medication are comparable, but there may be a higher incidence of adverse effects and higher relapse rates after the medication is stopped.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical guidance for clinicians
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In panic disorder the person's principal concern is physical (e.g. that they are having a heart attack or seizure, or that they will choke), mental (that they are going to 'lose control') and, to a lesser extent, social (embarrassment that they will be judged negatively because of the visible panic symptoms).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with anxiety are often hypervigilant to physical symptoms and adverse effects.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may require higher doses within the therapeutic range.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may require higher doses within the therapeutic range.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The onset of beneficial effects typically occurs 4-6 weeks after starting treatment with either CBT or medication.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Self-monitoring.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, only three studies have compared combined CBT and pharmacotherapy against monotherapies for SAD and only one of these has used SSRI, so conclusions must be considered tentative.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > SAD.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no substantive studies of dCBT compared to medication or when used in conjunction with medication.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Digital CBT combined with medication.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Infrequently, medication may lead to activation/agitation in the initial stage of treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most adverse effects are likely to be minor and time-limited.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Either treatment will take about 4-6 weeks to start to work for you.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical guidance for clinicians
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It can take up to 6 weeks for benefits to start to be seen.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rarely, it can be accompanied by suicidal ideation.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, few clinical trials have evaluated the combination, and their findings have been conflicting.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Panic disorder causes a significant burden of disease.It is associated with significant personal distress, disability and impairment, both directly and through the burden of comorbidity, and often puts a significant strain on the patient's family or support network.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a paucity of evidence regarding optimal duration of treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may require higher doses within the therapeutic range.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with panic disorder have a persistent fear of having another panic attack (and/or of certain symptoms during an attack).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Compared with healthy controls, patients with panic disorder have greater impairment on measures of quality of life (Barrera and Norton, 2009;Comer et al., 2011) and an increased likelihood of suicide attempts (Nepon et al., 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrera and Norton, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Comer et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Nepon et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“indicates increased severity, functional impairment and economic costs (Andrews et al., 2002;Moffitt et al., 2007;Tyrer et al., 2004;Zhu et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Tyrer et al., 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are common, chronic mental disorders”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Wittchen, 2002b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders typically start early in life, especially for SAD (Table 4), and prevalence declines with age (Lampe, 2015;Slade et al., 2009a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lampe, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They form the most common class of mental disorders, with one in seven adults suffering from an anxiety disorder in any year: 14.4% in Australia and 14.8% in New Zealand (Slade et al., 2009a;Wells, 2006a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Wells, 2006a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those who do, commonly attend primary care and only a third receive minimally adequate treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyce et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Harris et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are more common in women than men and in people who are separated, divorced or widowed, less educated or unemployed.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specific CBT programmes can vary and not all are equally efficacious for a given disorder (Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Treatments for anxiety disorders Psychological interventions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 31 submissions were received during the consultation period from both stakeholder organisations and individuals with either a professional background or a lived experience of anxiety disorders”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By convention, a Cohen's d of 0.2 is considered to represent a small effect size and not likely to be important, while 0.8 is considered to represent a large effect size and is always important (Cohen, 1988).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Data analysis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, 1988
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both antidepressant medication and transdiagnostic CBT are effective for the anxiety and depressive disorders (Newby et al., 2014(Newby et al., , 2015)).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newby et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Newby et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peer-reviewed clinical papers and the highest quality evidence available were prioritised during decision-making, and discussion continued until consensus was reached.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The systematic implementation of anxiety disorder guidelines has been shown to result in earlier treatment gains and shorter treatment times (van Dijk et al., 2015).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Desired health outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Dijk et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The working group met by teleconference to consider all responses.For each response, the working group agreed on whether to revise the manuscript and recorded their decision.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The draft manuscript was circulated repeatedly, feedback was sought and areas of controversy were identified and resolved in an iterative process.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“even though their use has been shown to reduce treatment duration and improve treatment outcome (Andrews et al., 2010a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12) Structured clinical interviews.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2010a
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Face-to-face delivery of CBT (particularly individual therapy) has been the most extensively studied with efficacy supported by meta-analyses (Craske et al., 2005).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craske et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The working group represented a diverse range of expertise, opinion and adherence to particular therapeutic approaches.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Working group
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“there are clusters of mental disorders that share causes and remedies, so that guidelines for one disorder will resemble guidelines for related disorders (Andrews et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Framework
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After removing duplicates, the title and abstract of 531 citations were examined against pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent raters.Disagreements were resolved by a third independent rater and discussion.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Study selection.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The working group implemented several approaches to minimise the potential for bias towards any particular therapeutic approach.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Development process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effective treatments are available (Figure 2) but they take time to work.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Anxiety disorders can be treated
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and has the advantages of reduced cost, broader availability and consistent fidelity to the manual since delivery does not depend on the individual therapist.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A draft version of these guidelines was reviewed by national and international expert advisers (see Acknowledgments).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“CBT with an experienced therapist has been studied more than other psychological therapies and is supported by numerous meta-analyses (Craske and Stein, 2016).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Treatments for anxiety disorders Psychological interventions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craske and Stein, 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All working group members participated equally in discussions.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, persisting with either when there is no response may not be beneficial, and switching to the alternative may be very productive (Cuijpers et al., 2014b;Dunlop et al., 2017;Karyotaki et al., 2016;Wiles et al., 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Desired health outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wiles et al., 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are associated with high levels of distress, disability and service use (Slade et al., 2009b)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amended draft was reviewed by the following RANZCP committees:”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A revised version of the guidelines was released for public consultation during 30 June-30 July 2017.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The first RCT of computerdelivered CBT was in depression (Selmi et al., 1990).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Selmi et al., 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composition of the working group ensured that a range of opinions were represented.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Development process
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adequate washout time is required, taking into account elimination half-life of the particular SSRI or SNRI.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence-based recommendations (EBRs) were formulated when there was sufficient evidence on a topic.They were based mainly on evidence from systematic reviews, but at the minimum, replicated treatments from two RCTs and from two research groups were also considered as sufficient evidence.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Developing the recommendations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some measures, such as the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI), appear to give rise to generally higher effect sizes than other measures, raising the possibility of inflation in those studies that rely on, or report only this measure.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Limitations of the evidence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAOIs inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme for 2 weeks even after discontinuation of medication, which means that a washout period of 2 weeks is needed before starting another antidepressant or other medication.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Careful management is also needed when changing or adding another serotoninergic medication or any synergistic medications, due to the risks of serotonin syndrome.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, fluoxetine and paroxetine are potent inhibitors of the activity of CYP2D6.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluoxetine and its metabolites have a very long half-life which means that a washout period of at least a week is required before starting another antidepressant (and 5 weeks if switching to an MAOI).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“General limitations in the body of evidence for psychiatric interventions include potential bias arising from the funding of clinical trials”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Limitations of the evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malhi et al., 2015
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mean effect sizes for superiority over control group were 0.96 for 16 studies (Andrews et al., 2010a) and 0.91 for 31 studies (Andrews et al., 2018).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andersson et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2010a
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some antidepressant agents are potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, which can have implications when prescribing for other conditions.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluoxetine and its metabolites have a very long half-life, which means that discontinuation symptoms are unlikely, but this also means that a washout period of at least a week is required before starting another antidepressant (and 5 weeks if switching to an MAOI).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combinations of antidepressants are generally to be avoided and combining an MAOI with another antidepressant is contraindicated.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery of CBT.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2015) has issued a clinician advisory that CBT and medication are equally effective for mild, moderate and severe depressive disorder, and this finding probably extends to the three anxiety disorders covered in this guideline.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2015
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies of CBT generally use wait-list controls, which of themselves have a pre-post effect size of about 0.2, hence tending to overestimate the effect of the CBT comparator.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Limitations of the evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The management of anxiety disorders is likely to be similar.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where there was insufficient evidence to make an EBR (few studies or poor-quality studies), the committee considered whether to make a consensus-based recommendation (CBR).CBRs were based on the working group's collective clinical and research knowledge and experience.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Developing the recommendations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Medications are usually compared against pill placebo, with the progress of both treatment groups assessed by interview using assessor rating scales.In CBT trials, active treatment is usually compared with wait-list (untreated control group) and assessed by selfreport scales.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Relapse prevention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expert consensus suggests continuing for approximately 6-12 months after optimal response has been achieved.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may require higher doses within the therapeutic range.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When medication is discontinued, expert advice is to taper the dose over weeks to months.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > However, some patients who have not responded to lower doses may require higher doses within the therapeutic range.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The requirement that panic attacks need to be recurrent for a diagnosis of panic disorder is to ensure a high threshold for diagnosis, because non-recurrent panic attacks are relatively common in the population (Culpepper, 2003).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Culpepper, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, not all patients need to undergo extensive diagnostic testing for all of these conditions; investigations need to be tailored to the clinical presentation.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), a separate diagnosis of agoraphobia, in addition to panic disorder, is given if the patient also meets criteria for agoraphobia.This approach to diagnostic classification is similar to that of ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1993, 2016; agoraphobia with panic attacks) and represents a change from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2013
- Not checked yetcites World Health Organization, 1993
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to exclude substance-induced and medical conditions that can present with panic attacks or panic-like symptoms (Table 7).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main issue is not the adverse effects themselves, but the potential to misinterpret these as signs of serious illness.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Practical issues in pharmacotherapy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in behaviour that may occur in panic disorder represent attempts by the person to minimise or avoid further panic attacks.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these guidelines we accept that there is evidence that both medication and CBT (and dCBT) are effective when used separately”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Digital CBT combined with medication.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The response rate is similar to that of medication, although some report it as better than medication (Roshanaei Moghaddam et al., 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roshanaei Moghaddam et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The effectiveness of anxiety interventions is not significantly affected by the presence of multiple medical comorbidities, with the exception of migraine sufferers, who display less improvement at long-term follow-up (Campbell-Sills et al., 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Distinguishing panic disorder from other mental disorders.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell-Sills et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder is common, occurring in approximately 35-40% of people with panic disorder (Kessler et al., 2006), is associated with greater impairment in functioning and can result in poorer outcome (Scheibe and Albus, 1994).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Distinguishing panic disorder from other mental disorders.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large body of level I evidence demonstrates the efficacy of CBT, antidepressant pharmacotherapy with SSRIs, SNRIs or TCAs and benzodiazepines for the treatment of panic disorder.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is limited or lower quality evidence for other psychological therapies, other antidepressant classes and other medication classes.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These include the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, which measures the frequency of thoughts about catastrophic consequences of anxiety and panic (Chambless et al., 1984), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Reiss et al., 1986), which measures symptoms of anxious arousal; and the Mobility Inventory which measures avoidance of typical agoraphobic situations (Chambless et al., 1985).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Monitoring progress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chambless et al., 1984
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of three studies of cognitive therapy (in which exposure to situations or sensations which were known to induce panic or behavioural experiments were actively discouraged) also emphasised the importance of exposure, since cognitive therapy without exposure was not very effective at reducing symptoms of panic (SMD = 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-0.25,0.93]) or agoraphobia (”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sanchez-Meca et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These include the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, which measures the frequency of thoughts about catastrophic consequences of anxiety and panic (Chambless et al., 1984), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Reiss et al., 1986), which measures symptoms of anxious arousal; and the Mobility Inventory which measures avoidance of typical agoraphobic situations (Chambless et al., 1985).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Monitoring progress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chambless et al., 1985
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The optimal duration of CBT for panic disorder is 7-14 hours, usually delivered in weekly sessions (Clark et al., 1999;Marchand et al., 2009;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a;Roberge et al., 2008a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clark et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Marchand et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Breathing retraining has not been found to contribute any incremental benefit over other CBT components and some evidence suggests a poorer outcome (Craske et al., 1997;Schmidt and Woolaway-Bickel, 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craske et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Schmidt and Woolaway-Bickel, 2000
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other meta-analyses of clinical trials have similarly concluded that CBT significantly reduces panic disorder symptoms, is markedly more effective than placebo or wait-list control, and benefits are maintained at 6 and 12-month follow-up (Butler et al., 2006;Clum et al., 1993;Gould et al., 1995;Hofmann et al., 2010;Mitte, 2005b;Sanchez-Meca et al., 2010;Westen and Morrison, 2001).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Butler et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Clum et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Gould et al., 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These include the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, which measures the frequency of thoughts about catastrophic consequences of anxiety and panic (Chambless et al., 1984), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Reiss et al., 1986), which measures symptoms of anxious arousal; and the Mobility Inventory which measures avoidance of typical agoraphobic situations (Chambless et al., 1985).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Monitoring progress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reiss et al., 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Predictors of poorer outcome to CBT include severity of panic disorder, presence of agoraphobia, earlier age of onset of panic disorder and comorbid social anxiety (Dow et al., 2007;Haby et al., 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dow et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Haby et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On average, response rates are 50-70%.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise as a form of treatment has been reported to be less effective than medication and no more effective than relaxation (Broocks et al., 1998;Wedekind et al., 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Other psychological therapies and interventions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Broocks et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Wedekind et al., 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, good-quality psychoeducation about the likely adverse effects of medication, reassurance that these symptoms are not dangerous and sufficient clinician support often renders adjunctive benzodiazepine treatment unnecessary at initiation of treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Starting and treatment doses for SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two studies of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) have reported equivocal or unsustained benefits and do not support the use of EMDR for panic disorder (Feske and Goldstein, 1997;Goldstein et al., 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Other psychological therapies and interventions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feske and Goldstein, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Goldstein et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmacotherapy has been extensively studied and shown to be efficacious in the treatment of panic disorder.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Other psychological therapies and interventions.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other more noradrenergic TCAs have also been shown to be efficacious in acute treatment in some studies (Batelaan et al., 2012), although others have reported that the noradrenergic TCAs are less effective than SSRIs (Den Boer and Westenberg, 1988).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Batelaan et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Den Boer and Westenberg, 1988
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, SSRIs show superior tolerability (dropout rates for SSRIs 18% compared with 30% for TCAs; Bakker et al., 2002) and safety profile.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakker et al., 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There have been 12 RCTs of automated guided dCBT, which show a mean effect size of 1.31 (95% CI = [0.85,1.76]) at a mean follow-up of 7.8 months post intervention, and an average adherence of 74%.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The timeframe for change should also be discussed as response is relatively slow, as indicated by findings that antidepressants separate from placebo most convincingly at 12 weeks and that response rates continue to increase over follow-up periods extending to 6 months.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Other psychological therapies and interventions.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Available studies suggest final daily doses of 150-300 mg for imipramine (Mavissakalian and Perel, 1995) and 25-150 mg for clomipramine (Cassano et al., 1988;Modigh et al., 1992).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Starting and treatment doses for SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mavissakalian and Perel, 1995
- Not checked yetcites Cassano et al., 1988
- Not checked yetcites Modigh et al., 1992
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In SSRI studies, the combination of paroxetine plus CBT and the combination of fluvoxamine plus exposure treatment were both superior to CBT plus placebo, and to exposure alone (de Beurs et al., 1995;Oehrberg et al., 1995).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Beurs et al., 1995
- Not checked yetcites Oehrberg et al., 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three controlled studies have shown that short-term (4-6 weeks) addition of benzodiazepines (alprazolam or clonazepam) to antidepressants produces a more rapid response, although patients on alprazolam had difficulty discontinuing (Goddard et al., 2001;Pollack et al., 2001;Woods et al., 1992).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goddard et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Pollack et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Woods et al., 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychopharmacology guidelines recommend 12 weeks (Baldwin et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Starting and treatment doses for SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is effective in the treatment of panic disorder but is no longer recommended due to safety concerns, mainly a high risk of dependency, and difficulty discontinuing.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings from fixed-dose, placebo-controlled studies suggest that higher daily doses may be superior to lower doses for some antidepressants such as paroxetine and fluoxetine (Ballenger et al., 1998;Michelson et al., 1998) but not for others such as citalopram and venlafaxine (Pollack et al., 2007b;Wade et al., 1997).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Starting and treatment doses for SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ballenger et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Michelson et al., 1998
- Not checked yetcites Pollack et al., 2007b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Metaanalyses and a systematic review found that combined treatment was no better than psychotherapy alone in long-term follow-up, although it was superior to pharmacotherapy alone (Furukawa et al., 2006;Mitte, 2005b).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Furukawa et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Mitte, 2005b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traditional MAOIs have been shown to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder (Batelaan et al., 2012), but are not recommended as first-line antidepressants because of poor tolerability, the requirement for dietary restrictions, interactions and risks in overdose.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines have a rapid onset of action.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite their efficacy, benzodiazepines are not recommended as first-line treatment options, largely because of the risk of side effects (particularly sedation and cognitive impairment), tolerance and dependence (especially with alprazolam).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Alprazolam is the most extensively studied of the benzodiazepines and was the benzodiazepine used in the Cross National Collaborative Panic Study (CNCPS Second Phase Investigators, 1992).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites CNCPS Second Phase Investigators, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam) have been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of panic disorder (Batelaan et al., 2012;Mitte, 2005b) with an effect size of 0.40 (NNT = 5; 95% CI = [4, 7]) (Mitte, 2005b) -approximately equal to that of SSRIs and TCAs.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Batelaan et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Mitte, 2005b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is important that avoidance behaviour has been overcome before medications are withdrawn, to avoid an increased risk of relapse (Mavissakalian and Perel, 2002).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mavissakalian and Perel, 2002
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current evidence does not support the use of beta blockers or buspirone for panic disorder.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most guidelines refer to expert consensus recommendations and suggest continuation for at least 6 months (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a) to a year (Bandelow et al., 2008;Landelijke Stuurgroep Multidisciplinaire Richtlijnontwikkeling (LSMRG), 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Landelijke Stuurgroep Multidisciplinaire Richtlijnontwikkeling (LSMRG), 2009
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there is lack of clear evidence for what constitutes an adequate trial of medication, consensus expert recommendation is to wait for at least 6 weeks with at least 2 weeks at the full dose (Lecrubier et al., 1997;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a;Stein et al., 2009a), however the recently updated British Association of”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Starting and treatment doses for SSRIs, SNRIs and TCAs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lecrubier et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2009a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Periods of remission are most common in milder, non-generalised SAD, in nonclinical samples, and in those with fewer social fears (Cox et al., 2011;Ruscio et al., 2008;Vriends et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cox et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Ruscio et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Vriends et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, after stopping medication, the advantage remained for combination treatment versus antidepressants alone (RR = 1.61; 95% CI = [1.23,2.11]) but not for combination treatment versus psychotherapy (RR = 0.96; 95% CI = [0.79,1.16]).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Furukawa et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Australia, the estimated median age at onset is 13 years, which represents a relatively early onset for an anxiety disorder and is much earlier than the median age of onset of mood disorders (McEvoy et al., 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEvoy et al., 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication estimated that only 20-40% of those with social phobia recover within 20 years of onset and only 40-60% recover within 40 years (Ruscio et al., 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ruscio et al., 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other guidelines, including Canadian clinical practice guidelines (Katzman et al., 2014), those by the American Psychiatric Association (Stein et al., 2009) and the British Association of Psychopharmacology (Baldwin et al., 2014), suggest that the choice of treatment (between CBT and pharmacotherapy) should be based on the person's preferences, previous response to treatment, comorbidity and”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katzman et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A review reported that the combination of CBT plus medication for panic disorder was superior to CBT alone in the short term but equivalent in the long term (Würz and Sungur, 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Würz and Sungur, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SAD is over-represented in separated, divorced and never-married people, and there is also an association with unemployment (Lampe et al., 2003).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lampe et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SAD might be severe in 30-40% of these people, moderately severe in 35-50% and mild in about 20-30% (Kessler et al., 2005a;Slade et al., 2009a;Wells, 2006a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Wells, 2006a
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, respondents who met criteria for SAD in the past 12 months reported an average of 4.7 days per month where they were unable to function in life roles or had to cut back on what they did; this compares to a mean of 6.4 days per month for major depression (Slade et al., 2009a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It reported advantages for combination treatment in the short term versus antidepressants (relative risk [RR] = 1.24; 95% CI = [1.02,1.52]) and versus psychotherapy (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = [1.05,1.31]).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Furukawa et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The burden of disease is comparable to that of chronic physical disorders: a community study estimated a burden of disease for SAD that was intermediate between that of asthma and diabetes (Andrews et al., 1998).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 1998
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“NICE guidelines recommend the use of CBT over first-line pharmacotherapy and that pharmacological interventions should only be routinely offered to people who have not benefitted from psychological interventions (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011bExcellence, , 2012)).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011b
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within Australia and New Zealand, it has been estimated that 8.4% of the population would meet criteria for SAD at some time in their life and that 4.2-6.8% of the population would meet criteria for SAD at some time over a 12-month period (McEvoy et al., 2011;Wells, 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEvoy et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Wells, 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Australian and New Zealand data indicate that women are affected at about 1.2-1.5 times the rate of men (Slade et al., 2009b).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slade et al., 2009b
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reported estimates of the lifetime prevalence of SAD in primary care settings have ranged from 12% to 30% (Demertzis and Craske, 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Demertzis and Craske, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A study that compared CBT alone, SSRI alone and combination of the two over 1 year and for 1 year after treatment discontinuation (van Apeldoorn et al., 2010) reported that patients treated with the SSRI (whether alone or with CBT) had faster treatment gains but no significant differences at 1-year follow-up.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Apeldoorn et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within Australia and New Zealand, it has been estimated that 8.4% of the population would meet criteria for SAD at some time in their life and that 4.2-6.8% of the population would meet criteria for SAD at some time over a 12-month period (McEvoy et al., 2011;Wells, 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Natural history
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEvoy et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Wells, 2006
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have reported that the combination of CBT and an SSRI was superior to medication alone (Bandelow et al., 2007;Cuijpers et al., 2014a;Roy-Byrne et al., 2005;Van Apeldoorn et al., 2013a) or CBT alone (Bandelow et al., 2007;Hofmann et al., 2009;Würz and Sungur, 2009) in the treatment of panic disorder.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Cuijpers et al., 2014a
- Not checked yetcites Roy-Byrne et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A European epidemiological study reported that major depressive disorders were found in 19.5% of participants with SAD (Ohayon and Schatzberg, 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ohayon and Schatzberg, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key to differentiating shyness from SAD is a careful assessment for social fears and to determine whether the individual meets the distress and impairment criteria for SAD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) was designed to provide a brief assessment of the fears and avoidance characteristic of SAD (Connor et al., 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Connor et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Rates of comorbidity with other anxiety disorders are especially high (50-60%), and there is very high overlap with depressive disorders (30-50%) and substance use disorders (20-40%; Andrews et al., 2002).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For rapid screening, the mini-SPIN comprises three items that can identify and distinguish SAD from non-clinical populations with 0.88 sensitivity and 0.98 specificity (Connor et al., 2001;Seeley-Wait et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Connor et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Seeley-Wait et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It includes 17 items, with good psychometric properties.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Connor et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One study reported the odds of developing a major depressive episode 2 years after the first appearance of SAD at 5.74:1 (Ohayon and Schatzberg, 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ohayon and Schatzberg, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Detailed assessment can be made using the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) that together comprise 40 items covering fears of public scrutiny and social interactions (Mattick and Clarke, 1998;Peters, 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mattick and Clarke, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Peters, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS; Baker et al., 2002) includes both a reflection of social fear and a measure of avoidant behaviour (reflecting impairment).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Comorbid depression, avoidant personality disorder or GAD may be associated with worse outcome (Ansell et al., 2011;Blanco et al., 2011;Bruce et al., 2005;Cox et al., 2011;Ledley et al., 2005;Mululo et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ansell et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Blanco et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Bruce et al., 2005
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an epidemiological survey of youth in the United States, 46.7% of respondents self-identified as shy, whereas a lifetime diagnosis of SAD was assigned in 8.6% (12.4% of those who endorsed shyness; Burstein et al., 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burstein et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of comorbidities is relevant to treatment selection and may affect prognosis.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Shyness is common and appears to be somewhat heterogeneous in nature, showing some overlap with SAD, in that social fears and impairment in social performance may be present to an extent intermediate between SAD and non-shy, but shyness does not appear to be associated with comorbid psychiatric conditions or substance use disorders (Burstein et al., 2011;Heiser et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burstein et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Heiser et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A short (12-item) form of these companion scales has recently also been developed (Peters et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peters et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Medical conditions that include highly visible symptoms might be expected to increase risk for SAD, but the best evidence to date is for Parkinson's disease, where high rates of comorbid SAD have been reported and are associated with depression and GAD (Kummer et al., 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kummer et al., 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As expected, effect sizes are markedly smaller when active treatments are compared with credible psychological placebo (effect size = 0.36-0.38;NNT = 4.42-5.00),although these effects are still significant and moderate.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acarturk et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Powers et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Effective medications not only reduced symptoms of social anxiety but also associated disability and comorbid depressive symptoms (Stein et al., 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy and safety.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is limited or lower quality evidence for other psychological therapies, other antidepressant classes and other medication classes.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Group CBT based on theory also showed a somewhat larger effect (effect size = 1.10,NNT = 1.77) than group therapy based on more traditional CBT (effect size = 0.80-0.85,NNT = 2.21-2.34),although no statistical comparison could be conducted.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmacotherapy has been extensively studied and shown to be efficacious in the treatment of SAD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Pharmacological treatment.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 11 studies of guided dCBT versus wait-list or psychological placebo controls showed an effect size superiority of 0.92 (95% CI = [0.76,1.0]; NNT = 2.07, mean adherence = 57%)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and was compared to face-to-face CBT in 2 of the 11 studies and efficacy found to be comparable (Andrews et al., 2018).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both individual and group CBT based on theory were significantly superior to psychological placebo (Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) provides a more comprehensive measure comprising over 45 items (Turner et al., 1989).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turner et al., 1989
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Response to pharmacological treatment for SAD is relatively slow, as indicated by findings that antidepressants separate from placebo most convincingly at 12 weeks and that response rates continue to increase over follow-up periods extending to 6 months.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The significant effects of treatment last in the longer term (typically 3-12 months), with reported effect sizes of 0.90 versus wait-list (NNT = 2.10) and 0.47 versus placebo (NNT = 3.85; Powers et al., 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the largest and most comprehensive meta-analysis, individual CBT that was based on these theoretical models was associated with the largest effect sizes (effect size, intervention vs wait-list 1.56, NNT = 2.0).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant effects have been shown for psychodynamic therapy versus wait-list (effect size = 0.62, NNT = 2.96), although its effects are similar to those shown by psychological placebo (effect size = 0.63, NNT = 2.91; Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is scored to provide a total score, but can also provide separate social interaction and performance subscales.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both clinician-administered and self-reported versions have been validated (Baker et al., 2002;Fresco et al., 2001).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Do you worry a lot about what people think of you?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Fresco et al., 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A review found that the combination of CBT plus medication for SAD was superior to CBT alone in the short term but equivalent in the long term.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > CBR
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Würz and Sungur, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one metaanalysis, CBT programmes showed somewhat larger effect sizes (0.71, NNT = 2.60) than non-CBT programmes (0.55, NNT = 3.31), although this difference was not statistically significant (Acarturk et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acarturk et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another analysis showed that treatments that include some form of in vivo exposure are associated with slightly larger effects than treatments without exposure (exposure effect size = 0.79, NNT = 2.36; non-exposure effect size = 0.61, NNT = 2.99), although the difference was not statistically significant (Acarturk et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acarturk et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review of pharmacotherapy for SAD (Ipser et al., 2008) reported studies showing continued improvements over 12 months and recommended that treatment continue for this period.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ipser et al., 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SSRIs show equivalent, but not superior, efficacy to phenelzine and venlafaxine in the treatment of SAD, but have a superior safety and/ or tolerability profile (Blanco et al., 2003;Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blanco et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review and metaanalysis (Hansen et al., 2008) found no differences in two studies of venlafaxine versus paroxetine or in one study comparing paroxetine against citalopram.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy and safety.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hansen et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review of pharmacotherapy for SAD (Ipser et al., 2008) estimated the NNT for medication overall as 4.2 and the number needed to harm as 14.4.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy and safety.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ipser et al., 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no studies that provide direct evidence to guide the duration of maintenance treatment or to demonstrate whether long-term treatment (e.g.greater than 6 months) reduces the relapse rate.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A metaanalysis of placebo-controlled RCTs assessing the efficacy of SSRIs in SAD (Hedges et al., 2007) reported that there was no evidence for a dose-response relationship in studies that compared different doses, but the authors concluded that the answer was not yet clear.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Dose-response relationship with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Few guidelines have addressed the question of treatment duration specific to SAD; where this has been done, an advantage for staying on medication for up to 6 months has been reported (Baldwin et al., 2014) and a treatment period of 12-24 months has been recommended (Canadian Psychiatric Association, 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Canadian Psychiatric Association, 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combined SMD for the second-generation antidepressants was -0.43 (95% CI = [-0.49,-0.37]; NNT = 4.2).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Menezes et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A systematic review of pharmacotherapy for SAD (Ipser et al., 2008) and the updated British Association of Pharmacotherapy guidelines (Baldwin et al., 2014) also recommended 12 weeks as representing a trial of treatment.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ipser et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Guidelines by the British Association for Psychopharmacology (Baldwin et al., 2014) advised that fixed-dose RCTs did not provide convincing evidence for a dose-response relationship in treating SAD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Dose-response relationship with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“European College of Neuropsychopharmacology guidelines for the investigation of efficacy in SAD (Montgomery et al., 2004) recommended a 12-week trial of medication, on the basis that drug-placebo difference is most likely to be seen at this point and a number of patients who are nonresponders at 8 weeks become responders at 12 weeks.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Montgomery et al., 2004
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, data are available from only a few clinical trials of phenelzine (Canton et al., 2012), and the findings are heavily influenced by one study.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials of SSRIs in the treatment of SAD (Hedges et al., 2007) found no differences between the medications studied, but there were relatively few studies permitting comparisons.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy and safety.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review and meta-analysis (Canton et al., 2012) concluded that the effect of SSRIs generally separated from placebo by weeks 4-6 on a number of response or other outcome measures and that SSRI-placebo differences tended to increase out to 12 weeks of treatment (the limit of most studies).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“venlafaxine has been well studied in RCTs (Canton et al., 2012;Ipser et al., 2008) and a pilot study of duloxetine reported a positive finding (Simon et al., 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Ipser et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Simon et al., 2010
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite evidence of efficacy, phenelzine is not recommended as first-line treatment due to its considerable burden of adverse effects, difficulty in use due to strict dietary limitations and potential for toxicity through food and drug interactions and in overdose.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > First-line agents: SSRIs and SNRIs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some RCTs have reported benefits with d-cycloserine, but a Cochrane review (Ori et al., 2015) reported that it provided no advantage over CBT alone.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ori et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“People with GAD seek reassurance to reduce immediate worry, avoid events that could have negative consequences and spend considerable time preparing for events to minimise worry (Andrews et al., 2010b(Andrews et al., , 2016;;Beesdo-Baum et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2010b
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Beesdo-Baum et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, one study reported that the combination of CBT plus medication for SAD was superior to CBT alone in the short term, but equivalent in the long term (Würz and Sungur, 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Würz and Sungur, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mirtazapine (a tetracyclic antidepressant) for the treatment of SAD has been evaluated in three studies.One reported an estimated effect size against placebo of 0.13 (NNT = 13.5;Davis et al., 2014) and another reported an SMD of -0.41 (NNT = 4.3; de Menezes et al., 2011).The third study reported no benefit versus placebo (Canton et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites de Menezes et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“GAD is a chronic disorder which can be exacerbated by stressful life events.Most patients are still affected after 10 years and half of those who remit will relapse (Holaway et al., 2006;Yonkers et al., 2000).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holaway et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Yonkers et al., 2000
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another meta-analysis (Canton et al., 2012) reported combined ORs for studies of moclobemide and brofaromine of 2.96 (95% CI = [1.78,4.91]); for moclobemide alone it was 1.95 (95% CI = [1.37,2.79]), with significant heterogeneity, and the authors conclude that moclobemide appears to be only modestly effective compared with the SSRIs and SNRIs.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Corresponding NNTs ranged from 1.9 to 41.6 for moclobemide (six studies) and 2.4-5.8 for brofaromine (three studies).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It reported a similar effect size across these trials (SMD = -1.30)compared with individual CBT (SMD = -1.19),which was slightly greater than the effects of SSRIs or SNRIs (SMD = -0.91).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis (Bandelow et al., 2015) found that combined CBT and medication was more effective than CBT alone and that pharmacotherapy was associated with higher pre-post effect sizes than CBT.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bandelow et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the potential for cognitive impairment, for falls in older people, additive central nervous system depressant effects, and dependence, together with a lack of efficacy against depression, a commonly comorbid condition, place benzodiazepines as medications of last resort.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“GAD is frequently under-recognised, with less than one-third of patients receiving adequate treatment (Baldwin et al., 2012;Hunt et al., 2002;Revicki et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Hunt et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Revicki et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One RCT each for olanzapine and quetiapine were reported in a systematic review (Canton et al., 2012), but participant numbers were very small.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dose-response has only been formally assessed for pregabalin, and efficacy is only evident at the maximum dose (600 mg/day), in contrast to its use in GAD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Research suggests that d-cycloserine may speed up the effects of exposure, but it does not appear to result in a superior long-term outcome (Hofmann et al., 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Duration of treatment with antidepressants.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann et al., 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Approximately half of these adults report that they have experienced GAD in the past year, an indication of how chronic the condition is (Andrews et al., 2001;Hunt et al., 2002;Oakley Browne et al., 2006;Slade et al., 2009a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Continuing excessive worry over everyday things Feeling keyed up or on edge
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Hunt et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Oakley Browne et al., 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination treatment was usually superior to the single treatment, but the difference was only significant in a quarter of the studies (Canton et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of CBT and antidepressant medication.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT significantly reduces GAD symptoms, compared with psychological placebo or wait-list control, is associated with low dropout rates, and benefits are maintained at 6-and 12-month follow-up.Borkovec and Ruscio (2001); Haby et al. (2006); Hunot et al. (2007); Hofmann and Smits (2008); Covin et al. (2008)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of generalised anxiety disorder
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borkovec and Ruscio (2001)
- Not checked yetcites Haby et al. (2006)
- Not checked yetcites Hunot et al. (2007)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients with major depressive disorder and GAD often report low mood as primary, and worry as secondary, whereas patients with GAD and no comorbid major depressive disorder are more likely to feel predominantly anxious, with low mood as a secondary feature.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Papageorgiou and Wells, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Watkins et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is limited or low-quality evidence for other psychological therapies, other antidepressant classes and other medication classes.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of generalised anxiety disorder
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While medical comorbidity is associated with more severe anxiety symptoms and anxiety-related disability, the effectiveness of anxiety interventions is not significantly affected by the presence of multiple medical comorbidities, with the exception of migraine sufferers who display less improvement at long-term follow-up (Campbell-Sills et al., 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Screening questions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Campbell-Sills et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Large effects were found for the individual variants of psychotherapy: dCBT (effect size = 1.05,NNT = 1.85), face-to-face CBT (effect size = 0.90, NNT = 2.10) and applied relaxation (effect size = 0.86, NNT = 2.19), with a medium effect size for behavioural only psychotherapy (effect size = 0.57, NNT = 3.18; Cuijpers et al., 2014b).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy of psychological treatments.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cuijpers et al., 2014b
plaindirectn = 2,132- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The presence of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders should be routinely assessed as comorbidity increases the severity of the illness, functional impairment and economic costs (Andrews et al., 2002;Moffitt et al., 2007;Tyrer et al., 2004;Zhu et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Screening questions.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Tyrer et al., 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, GAD worries are typically internally congruent, self-initiated, relate to everyday events and are predominantly verbal/linguistic (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Differential diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Less than half of the people who experience GAD seek treatment.When they do, it is mostly through primary care rather than specialised mental health services (Andrews et al., 2001(Andrews et al., , 2016;;Hunt et al., 2002).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Course and prognosis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Hunt et al., 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 41 studies (total n = 2132) that examined the efficacy of various types of psychological therapies (mostly CBT) for GAD (Cuijpers et al., 2014b) reported a large pooled effect size when comparing all psychotherapy studies for GAD versus control condition (e.g.wait-list or active control) for symptoms of anxiety (effect size = 0.84, NNT = 2.23), worry (effect size = 0.95, NNT = 2”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy of psychological treatments.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cuijpers et al., 2014b
plaindirectn = 2,132- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBT (including face-to-face CBT and dCBT) and antidepressant pharmacotherapy with SSRIs or SNRIs have been demonstrated to be effective by a large body of evidence.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of generalised anxiety disorder
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sertraline has highest acceptance, risk-to-benefit ratio and cost-effectiveness profile of pharmacological treatment options for GAD (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence from RCTs supports the use of SSRIs as pharmacotherapy for GAD.RCTs have shown benefits with sertraline (Allgulander et al., 2004;Ball et al., 2005;Brawman-Mintzer et al., 2006;Mokhber et al., 2010), escitalopram (Baldwin et al., 2006;Bielski et al., 2005;Bose et al., 2008;Bystritsky et al., 2008;Davidson et al., 2004;Goodman et al., 2005;Lenze et al., 2009;Merideth et al., 2012) and par”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allgulander et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ball et al., 2005
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, individual therapy may achieve larger gains in worry reduction (pre-post treatment effect sizes reported as -1.72 for individual therapy vs -0.91 for group therapy), earlier improvement in worry and depression symptoms, and higher adherence (9% attrition vs 24% attrition for group; Covin et al., 2008;Hunot et al., 2007).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy of psychological treatments.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Covin et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hunot et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the research trials of dCBT for GAD included in Andrews et al. (2018), adherence ranged from 74% to 80% for a technician-and clinician-assisted animated programme (75-130 minutes of clinician time).Adherence was lower in effectiveness studies: 55% in primary care and estimated at 26% for unguided self-help (Karyotaki et al., 2015).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Karyotaki et al., 2015
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The efficacy of dCBT for GAD has been demonstrated by RCTs conducted in volunteers from the community who met diagnostic criteria for GAD (total N = 287), with large effect size superiority over the control group for reductions in GAD symptoms (range = 1.05-1.24,NNT = 2) and depression (range = 0.85-1.02,NNT = 2; Paxling et al., 2011;Robinson et al., 2010;Titov et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paxling et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Titov et al., 2009
boosteddirectn = 287- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The effectiveness of dCBT for GAD has also been demonstrated in trials conducted in primary care (n = 588) with large effect sizes for GAD symptoms (effect size = 0.91) and a recovery rate of 62% at post treatment (Mewton et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mewton et al., 2012
boosteddirectn = 588- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recovery rates were good (70%), clinician time was reduced and benefits were maintained at 3 months, 1 year and 3 years post-treatment (Paxling et al., 2011;Robinson et al., 2010;Titov et al., 2009).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paxling et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Titov et al., 2009
plaindirectn = 287- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individual and group therapy are equally effective in terms of anxiety symptom reduction and long-term effects.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Overall efficacy of psychological treatments.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Covin et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hunot et al., 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pharmacotherapy has been extensively studied and shown to be efficacious in the treatment of GAD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“dCBT for mixed anxiety and depression has demonstrated efficacy (effect size = 0.85) and effectiveness (effect size = 1.20) in reducing GAD symptoms (Newby et al., 2014).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Mode of delivery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newby et al., 2014
boosteddirectn = 1,681- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 48 studies found superiority of medication over pill placebo control (effect size = 0.33, NNT = 5.43) but no differences in efficacy between benzodiazepines, azapirones (e.g.buspirone) and SSRI/SNRIs (Mitte et al., 2005).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Pharmacotherapy comparisons.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitte et al., 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines are relatively ineffective against cognitive anxiety symptoms and ineffective against depression (Starcevic, 2015) and are associated with extensive adverse Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(12) effects including risk of falls, cognitive impairment, impaired driving and physical dependence and withdrawal (Hollister et al., 1993;Mitte, 2005a;Woods et al., 1992).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Benzodiazepines.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hollister et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Mitte, 2005a
- Not checked yetcites Woods et al., 1992 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The antihistamine, hydroxyzine, has demonstrated effectiveness superior to placebo and similar to benzodiazepines and buspirone in patients with GAD (Guaiana et al., 2010;Lader and Scotto, 1998;Llorca et al., 2002).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Imipramine and buspirone.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guaiana et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Lader and Scotto, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Llorca et al., 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While one meta-analysis reported moderate to large pre-post treatment effect sizes for combined pharmacotherapy and CBT for GAD (0.45 and 1.10) (Hofmann et al., 2009), this was calculated on the basis of only two studies and gains were not maintained at 6-month follow-up.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of medication and CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hofmann et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Buspirone and imipramine have each demonstrated superiority to placebo in the treatment of GAD (Chessick et al., 2006;Davidson et al., 1999;Hoehn-Saric et al., 1988;Laakmann et al., 1998;Lader and Scotto, 1998;Mitte et al., 2005;Mokhber et al., 2010;Pollack et al., 1996b;Rickels et al., 1993;Rocca et al., 1997).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Imipramine and buspirone.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chessick et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Davidson et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Hoehn-Saric et al., 1988
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of quetiapine must be balanced against the risk of metabolic syndrome (weight gain), prolonged QTc syndrome, high dropout due to adverse effects (sedation, extrapyramidal side effects) and is not recommended for patients with GAD until more rigorous studies on the longterm safety and efficacy of this agent are available (Depping et al., 2010;LaLonde and Van Lieshout, 2011;Lorenz et al., 2”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Benzodiazepines.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Depping et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites LaLonde and Van Lieshout, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Lorenz et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Agomelatine, a melatonergic antidepressant, has been found to be more effective than placebo in the short term and may be as effective as escitalopram but better tolerated (Stein et al., 2008a(Stein et al., , 2014)), including minimal sexual side effects (Gale and Millichamp, 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2008a
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gale and Millichamp, 2011
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there remains a need for direct comparison of replicated RCTs.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of medication and CBT.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, dropout rates are high due to common adverse events including somnolence, dizziness, headache and dry mouth (which are particularly detrimental in the elderly; Wensel et al., 2012).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wensel et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A review focusing on agents evaluated in three or more studies (Baldwin et al., 2011b) found that duloxetine produced the greatest response (followed by sertraline), escitalopram produced the greatest remission rates (followed by venlafaxine) and sertraline showed the best tolerability (followed by pregabalin).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Pharmacotherapy comparisons.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2011b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, this meta-analysis included only one study specific to GAD, which found no differences in outcome between patients with GAD offered venlafaxine with 12 sessions of CBT versus venlafaxine alone (p = 0.17; Crits-Christoph et al., 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of medication and CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crits-Christoph et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is moderately effective for the treatment of GAD.A metaanalysis of four RCTs (n = 2265) reported an OR of 2.21 (95% CI = [1.10,4.45]; Depping et al., 2010), while another meta-analysis of four RCTs (n = 1383) reported an RR of 1.31 (95% CI = [1.20,1.44]; LaLonde and Van Lieshout, 2011).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Benzodiazepines.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Depping et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites LaLonde and Van Lieshout, 2011
plaindirectn = 2,265- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a review of RCTs (Baldwin et al., 2011a), the authors concluded that there is evidence for the efficacy of certain SSRIs, SNRIs, pregabalin and quetiapine, but in wider clinical practice overall outcomes can be poor in many patients.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Pharmacotherapy comparisons.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baldwin et al., 2011a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, imipramine is associated with serious adverse effects and potential toxicity in overdose and buspirone has shown limited effectiveness in clinical practice (Chessick et al., 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Imipramine and buspirone.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chessick et al., 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Benzodiazepines are relatively ineffective against cognitive anxiety symptoms and ineffective against depression (Starcevic, 2015) and are associated with extensive adverse”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Benzodiazepines.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Starcevic, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reviews of CBT outcomes for patients with panic disorder or OCD suggest that comorbid personality disorders have a negative impact on treatment outcomes (Mennin and Heimberg, 2000;Reich and Green, 1991;Reich and Vasile, 1993), although one review (Baer and Jenike, 1992) found that only schizotypal personality disorder predicted poor treatment outcome for OCD.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mennin and Heimberg, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Reich and Green, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Reich and Vasile, 1993
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One study found that socially phobic patients with or without comorbid avoidant personality disorder improved similarly on measures of social anxiety, depression and social adjustment, but patients with a comorbid avoidant personality disorder improved less on measures of trait anxiety and self-esteem (Feske et al., 1996).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feske et al., 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even SSRIs, which are better tolerated than other medications (Mottram et al., 2006), can cause the Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) increasing the possibility of delirium and seizures secondary to hyponatraemia, and are associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) and other bleeds for those with established risk factors such as bleeding history, treatment”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Older adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mottram et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in one study (Black et al., 1994), when personality disorders were assessed categorically (via structured diagnostic interview), they were not significant predictors of cognitive therapy outcome, but when assessed dimensionally (via self-report questionnaire), the presence of personality disorders was a negative predictor of treatment outcome.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black et al., 1994
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These individuals do respond to treatment, but it is likely that they respond with smaller effects that those without comorbid personality concerns.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
hedgedcorrelationaln = 1,200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anxiety symptoms and disorders are common during pregnancy, with estimated prevalence of approximately 18-25% for self-reported anxiety symptoms, approximately 15% for clinical diagnosis of any anxiety disorder and approximately 4% for GAD (Dennis et al., 2017).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Pregnancy and postnatal presentations of anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dennis et al., 2017
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT (including dCBT) adapted for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders is efficacious and the treatment of choice (Bennett et al., 2013;In-Albon and Schneider, 2007;Ishikawa et al., 2007;James et al., 2005).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bennett et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites In-Albon and Schneider, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Ishikawa et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most common lifetime disorders for Māori were anxiety, with a lifetime prevalence of 31.3% (Baxter et al., 2006).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Māori
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baxter et al., 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT (face-to-face or dCBT) and pharmacotherapy have been shown to be effective for older adults with anxiety disorders (Ayers et al., 2007;Covin et al., 2008;Goncalves and Byrne, 2012;Gould et al., 2012;Mewton et al., 2013).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Older adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ayers et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Covin et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Goncalves and Byrne, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other studies find that while patients with anxiety disorders and comorbid personality disorders benefit as much as those without comorbid personality disorders, they are more likely to drop out of treatment (Clarke et al., 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., 2008
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of patients with panic disorder undertaking a group CBT programme (Telch et al., 2011), patients with personality disorders reported higher baseline and post-treatment symptom scores.Although the presence of personality disorder pathology did predict poorer treatment outcome, its predictive utility was modest compared with baseline symptom severity.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Telch et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Advice should be sought before prescribing medication for children and adolescents, due to the lack of high-quality, replicated research evidence on side effects and withdrawal risks in this area, and as there is evidence that some medications may be associated with heightened risk for suicidal ideation and parasuicidal behaviour when used to treat depression in children (Hammad et al., 2006;Henry”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Children and adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hammad et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Henry et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Friedman, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies find that comorbid personality disorders have a negative effect on CBT outcomes (Tyrer et al., 1993), whereas others report no significant impact (Dreessen et al., 1997;Mersch et al., 1995).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Effect of comorbid personality disorders on CBT outcomes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tyrer et al., 1993
- Not checked yetcites Dreessen et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Mersch et al., 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety disorders (Katzman et al., 2014) recommend CBT as an effective first-line treatment for GAD including dCBT.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Combination of medication and CBT.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Katzman et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although similar levels of presentation for anxiety disorders in primary care have been reported for Māori and non-Māori (Arroll et al., 2009), admission rates for Māori are higher in acute services, with Māori presenting to secondary mental health services with more severe symptoms (Baxter, 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Māori
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arroll et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Baxter, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Extended-release venlafaxine (SNRI) reduces the severity of symptoms of panic disorder, but not all placebo-controlled studies have reported effectiveness in achieving panic-free status.II Pollack et al. (2007b); Pollack et al. (2007a); Pollack et al. (1996a); Bradwejn et al. (2005); Liebowitz et al. (2009)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollack et al. (2007b)
- Not checked yetcites Pollack et al. (2007a)
- Not checked yetcites Pollack et al. (1996a)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phenelzine appears to be effective in the treatment of SAD, based on metaanalyses that include data from a small number of placebo-controlled phenelzine RCTs, but there is limited evidence available from comparative RCTs.I Canton et al. (2012); Davis et al. (2014); Stein et al. (2000)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Canton et al. (2012)
- Not checked yetcites Davis et al. (2014)
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al. (2000)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Surveys among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities report anxiety prevalence rates of 1.4-5% of community members (Parker, 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Parker, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience more than twice the rate of psychological distress as the non-Indigenous Australian population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010) and high levels of exposure to stressors.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Imipramine and clomipramine (TCAs) are as effective as SSRIs in the treatment of panic disorder, but are less well tolerated and have an inferior safety profile.IIMitte (2005b);Bakker et al. (2002)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitte (2005b)
- Not checked yetcites Bakker et al. (2002)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One report has suggested that Māori may be less likely to be referred for psychotherapy (Kumar et al., 2008).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Māori
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kumar et al., 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prioritising treatment of the substance use has been recommended, as well as integrated treatment of the anxiety disorder and alcohol use (Stapinski et al., 2015).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Comorbid substance use disorders.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stapinski et al., 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders among Māori is associated with higher rates of serious outcomes including suicide (almost twice that of non-Māori New Zealanders) and elevated rates of hospitalisation for intentional self-harm (Ministry of Health, 2010).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Māori
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ministry of Health, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT for anxiety disorders is effective in people with personality disorders, but lesser improvements may be achieved.Evidence from clinical trials on the effects of various personality disorders on CBT outcomes is inconsistent.II Reich and Green (1991); Baer and Jenike (1992); Reich and Vasile (1993); Tyrer et al. (1993); Black et al. (1994); Dreessen et al. (1997); Dreessen and Arntz (1998); Menn”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reich and Green (1991)
- Not checked yetcites Baer and Jenike (1992)
- Not checked yetcites Reich and Vasile (1993)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The atypical antipsychotics may lead to some symptomatic relief, but the risk/benefit ratio is such that they are less likely to lead to gains than the options listed above.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Medications.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving a person's level of function may improve quality of life more than further attempts to reduce symptoms.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > General principles of treatment.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some medications may be associated with heightened risk for suicidal ideation and parasuicidal behaviour when used to treat depression in children.I Henry et al. (2012); Hammad et al. (2006)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Henry et al. (2012)
- Not checked yetcites Hammad et al. (2006)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of a personality disorder should not be considered as a contraindication to CBT for anxiety disorders.EBR”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > CBR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT (both face-to-face and dCBT) and pharmacotherapy are effective for older adults with anxiety disorders.II Ayers et al. (2007); Goncalves and Byrne (2012); Covin et al. (2008); Gould et al. (2012); Mewton et al. (2013)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ayers et al. (2007)
- Not checked yetcites Goncalves and Byrne (2012)
- Not checked yetcites Covin et al. (2008)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SSRIs, specifically sertraline, are recommended as the first-choice pharmacological treatment and third-line treatment after psychological interventions (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a).”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a place for dynamically based supportive psychotherapy and for interpretive or exploratory therapy.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Psychological therapies.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NICE guidelines on the management of GAD in adults (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a) recommend that pharmacological interventions should only be routinely offered to people who have not benefitted from psychological interventions.”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Declaration of Conflicting Interests
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suicide risk is highest when major depression is also present.
“The risk of suicide is greatest when there is comorbid major depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improvement with CBT or an antidepressant usually appears within 4-6 weeks.
“It will usually take 4-6 weeks to see improvement, whether cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) or an antidepressant is used, and most people can tolerate this.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Medication is rarely needed for immediate symptom relief.
“Only rarely is there any need to prescribe medication for the acute relief of symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Comorbid conditions slow recovery and reduce response to active treatment.
“Comorbidity has been associated with a slower rate of recovery and reduced response during active treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT's effect size advantage is largest against wait-list or no treatment and smaller against psychological placebo, pill placebo or usual care.
“Effect size superiority is, as expected, greatest when CBT is compared with wait-list or no treatment, and less when compared to a psychological or pill placebo, or treatment as usual.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Roughly half of CBT trial participants improve enough to no longer meet diagnostic criteria.
“For about half of the participants in clinical trials of CBT, symptoms improve to the point that they no longer meet criteria for the disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT reduces disability and improves quality of life.
“Disability decreases and quality of life improves.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most people with these anxiety disorders first seek care in primary care.
“Most patients with these anxiety disorders first present for treatment to primary care, where effective treatment can be provided or arranged.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Severe or chronic anxiety disorders usually require specialist psychiatric and psychological care.
“Those with severe or chronic anxiety disorders usually need specialist psychiatric and psychological treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Unguided self-help has poor documentation and likely varies widely in effectiveness.
“The effectiveness of unguided self-help (including information and written self-directed treatment guides) is poorly documented and is likely to vary significantly between the extremely wide range of available sources/interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Face-to-face CBT effectiveness is well documented.
“The effectiveness of face-to-face CBT is well documented.”
The paper relies on this without support.
dCBT effectiveness is well documented.
“The effectiveness of dCBT is well documented.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Medication effectiveness is well documented.
“The effectiveness of medication is well documented.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Unsupervised self-help is generally less effective than self-help completed with the assistance of a therapist.
“however unsupervised self-help is generally less effective than self-help that is completed with the assistance of a therapist.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The potential risks of cognitive-behavioural therapy have not been systematically evaluated in the published literature.
“While the potential risks of CBT have not been systematically evaluated in published literature, a number of problems and barriers may be encountered.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effective face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy requires considerable therapist training and expertise.
“Effective face-to-face CBT requires considerable therapist training and expertise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Poorly conducted or poorly paced cognitive-behavioural therapy may be ineffective or emotionally distressing, which may lead to treatment discontinuation and negative attitudes to further trials of cognitive-behavioural therapy.
“Poorly conducted or poorly paced CBT may be ineffective or emotionally distressing, both of which may lead to treatment discontinuation and negative attitudes to further trials of CBT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cost and access are frequently problematic for patients.
“Cost and access are frequently problematic for patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy requires emotional effort and persistence on the part of patients.
“CBT requires emotional effort and persistence on the part of patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Anxiety associated with exposure tasks can be distressing.
“Anxiety associated with exposure tasks can be distressing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy may increase symptomatic distress in the short term, and there is a dropout rate similar to that of antidepressant pharmacotherapy.
“CBT may increase symptomatic distress in the short term, and there is a dropout rate similar to that of antidepressant pharmacotherapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with anxiety, particularly those with panic disorder but also those with other anxiety disorders, are very aware of and concerned about bodily symptoms.
“People with anxiety (particularly those with panic disorder, but also those with other anxiety disorders) are very aware of, and concerned about bodily symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most adverse effects of antidepressants are likely to be minor and time-limited.
“Most adverse effects are likely to be minor and time-limited.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The main issue with adverse effects is not the effects themselves but the potential to misinterpret them as signs of serious illness.
“The main issue is not the adverse effects themselves, but the potential to misinterpret these as signs of serious illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is usually no need to prescribe a sedating medication concurrently with an antidepressant for anxiety.
“There is usually no need to prescribe a sedating medication concurrently.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Response times for antidepressants in anxiety are longer than for depression.
“Response times are longer than for depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no advantage to increasing the minimal therapeutic dose prior to 6 weeks.
“There is no advantage to increasing the minimal therapeutic dose prior to this time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In panic disorder, panic attacks are initially unexpected or uncued.
“In panic disorder, panic attacks are, at least initially, reported as unexpected or uncued.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Persistent concern or behavioural change due to fear of further panic attacks can differentiate panic disorder from panic attacks associated with depression and bipolar disorder.
“A further helpful component of the differential diagnosis is establishing whether there is persistent concern or behavioural change because of fear of further panic attacks.This may differentiate panic disorder from panic attacks associated with depression and bipolar disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In panic disorder, concern about symptoms is greatest during panic attacks, autonomic hyperactivity is prominent, and catastrophic fears are immediate; in illness anxiety disorder, fears are more distant.
“However, in panic disorder, people are most concerned about these symptoms during the panic attacks, report symptoms of autonomic hyperactivity in particular, and the focus of their catastrophic fears is immediate (e.g.heart attack).In illness anxiety disorder, these fears are more distant (e.g.cancer).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychiatric comorbidity increases the severity of panic disorder, functional impairment, economic costs, and is associated with worse outcomes.
“It is important to determine the presence of psychiatric comorbidity because this has been shown to increase the severity of the illness, functional impairment, economic costs, and is associated with worse outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with social anxiety disorder are fearful of negative judgment and become anxious in personally relevant situations involving possible or actual scrutiny, interaction, or performance before others.
“People with SAD are fearful of being negatively judged by others.They become anxious in personally relevant situations that may involve possible or actual scrutiny by other people, interaction with other people or performance before other people (Table 10).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social anxiety disorder is mostly a chronic disorder.
“SAD is mostly a chronic disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social anxiety disorder causes a significant burden of disease that has been poorly recognised.
“SAD causes a significant burden of disease that has been poorly recognised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Normal social anxiety and shyness occur across performance, scrutiny and interaction situations and differ from SAD by lacking persistence, generalisation, impairment and significant distress.
“Normal social anxiety and shyness can occur across a range of situations involving performance, scrutiny and interaction and is differentiated from SAD by the lack of persistence, generalisation, impairment and significant distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SAD is most commonly confused with agoraphobia because of overlap in feared situations, especially crowded situations where escape would be difficult.
“SAD is most commonly confused with agoraphobia because of the overlap in feared situations, especially crowded situations in which escape would be difficult such as shops, public transport, cinemas and restaurants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SAD and agoraphobia can be differentiated by the principal underlying fear: negative evaluation in SAD and fear of harm in agoraphobia.
“The disorders can be differentiated by determining the principal underlying fear in each case: negative evaluation in SAD, and fear of coming to mental or physical harm in agoraphobia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Major depression may present with social anxiety and loss of confidence, and in such cases the longitudinal history of social evaluative concerns from adolescence is absent.
“Major depression may present with social anxiety and loss of confidence.In such cases, the longitudinal history of distressing and impairing social evaluative concerns dating from adolescence will be absent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Body dysmorphic disorder may present with social anxiety due to concerns that others will notice a body part perceived as repugnant.
“Individuals with body dysmorphic disorder may present with social anxiety due to concerns that others will notice a body part perceived to be repugnant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Narcissistic personality traits may present with self-reported social anxiety related to fears that others may not appreciate the person's superiority.
“Occasionally, individuals with narcissistic personality traits may present with self-reported social anxiety.This is usually related to fears that in limited social interactions others may not appreciate the superiority of the person's talents or abilities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Avoidant personality disorder may be differentiated from SAD by a more globally negative self-view and a debilitating fear of rejection leading to extensive avoidance.
“Avoidant personality disorder may be differentiated by the more globally negative self-view, and a debilitating fear of rejection that leads to extensive avoidance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Avoidant personality disorder is both a differential diagnosis for SAD and a commonly comorbid condition.
“It is both a differential diagnosis and also a commonly comorbid condition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
GAD can include worries about social evaluation.
“GAD can include worries about social evaluation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Eating disorders include many social concerns, and SAD often includes poor body image.
“Eating disorders include many social concerns, and SAD will often include poor body image.”
The paper relies on this without support.
DSM-5 allows a diagnosis of SAD in the presence of medical conditions if the anxiety is out of proportion to what would normally be expected.
“DSM-5 allows a diagnosis of SAD in the presence of medical conditions, if the anxiety is out of proportion to what would normally be expected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Brofaromine is not available in Australia or New Zealand.
“Brofaromine is not available in Australia or New Zealand.”
The paper relies on this without support.
d-cycloserine is a partial agonist at the NMDA receptor.
“d-cycloserine is a partial agonist at the N-methyl-daspartate (NMDA) receptor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Extinction of conditioned fear involves active learning that suppresses or inhibits the original fear memory, mediated by NMDA receptors in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex.
“Extinction of conditioned fear involves an active form of learning that acts to suppress or inhibit the original fear memory: this process is mediated by NMDA receptors in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Beta blockers such as atenolol and propranolol are widely prescribed for social anxiety.
“Beta blockers, such as atenolol and propranolol, are widely prescribed for social anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Beta blockers are not anxiolytic but decrease tremor and heart rate through reduction of sympathetic tone.
“They are not anxiolytic but decrease tremor and heart rate through reduction of sympathetic tone.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fears in SAD are usually more general than a focus on tremor or heart rate.
“This should in fact not be surprising, since fears in SAD are usually more general than a focus on tremor or heart rate.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The optimal duration of treatment for GAD has not been determined.
“The optimal duration of treatment has not been determined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The efficacy of benzodiazepines as a long-term pharmacotherapy strategy in GAD has not been examined.
“The efficacy of benzodiazepines as a long-term pharmacotherapy strategy in GAD has not been examined.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There are no direct comparisons between dCBT and face-to-face CBT.
“We are unaware of any direct comparisons between dCBT and face-to-face CBT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little data available on the rate of treatment resistance in panic disorder, SAD and GAD.
“There is little data available on the rate of treatment resistance in panic disorder, SAD and GAD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are more vulnerable to hyponatraemia and other adverse effects from antidepressants.
“Older people are also more susceptible to antidepressant-induced hyponatraemia and other adverse events.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Trauma history is generally linked to a higher risk of anxiety disorders.
“A history of trauma in general is associated with increased risk of anxiety disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have experienced chronic trauma across generations.
“Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have experienced chronic, inter-generational trauma.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SSRIs are beneficial in moderate-to-severe anxiety disorders.
“SSRIs are of benefit in moderate-to-severe anxiety disorders, but clinicians must take into account safety with breastfeeding before prescribing any medication.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Panic disorder has no paediatric-specific diagnostic criteria and full panic disorder is uncommon before late adolescence.
“There are no paediatric-specific criteria for panic disorder, and full-blown panic disorder is relatively rare prior to late adolescence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many older people take other medications that may interact or have additive adverse effects with anxiety medications.
“The general treatment recommendations stand and the indication for CBT (faceto-face or dCBT) is emphasised because many older people are taking a range of other medications that may present a risk of interaction or additive adverse effects with medications for anxiety disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nursing mothers can find CBT difficult because of time pressures, though digital CBT reduces this problem.
“Nursing mothers can find CBT difficult due to time pressures, although this is less of a problem with dCBT.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“only 17.5% of participants who had ever undertaken CBT had received all of the recommended treatment components as outlined by clinical guidelines”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Andrews et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the psychological treatment of choice for anxiety disorders recommended in clinical guidelines [e.g., [6]]”
In the citing paper
“Some major guidelines advise regular scheduled dosing of BZD for common anxiety disorders.60,64,77 In contrast, other documents advise ‘prn’ use or intermittent dosing.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“agoraphobia (SMD = 0.13; 95% CI = [-0.97,0.71]; Sanchez-Meca et al., 2010)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Summary of evidence: treatment of panic disorder
Reported 0.13 · recomputed -0.13
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
“The Australian National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' Mental Health and Social and Emotional Wellbeing 2014-2019 (Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017)”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > References
“Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2017) National strategic framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' mental health and social and emotional wellbeing 2017-2023.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“a reduction in anxiety symptoms versus control (SMD = 0.77; 95% CI = [-1.45,-0.09])”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Children and adolescents
Reported 0.77 · recomputed -0.77
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Consultations and external review
“A total of 31 submissions were received during the consultation period”
§ Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder > Dr Chris Wever Associate Professor Rocco Crino Professor Sean Hood Professor David Baldwin Professor Paul Salkovskis Ms Ashna Basu Ms Siobhan Loughnan Dr Kathleen O'Moore
“Organisations that provided feedback during the public consultation period Australian Clinical Psychology Association Australian College of Mental Health Nurses Australian Psychological Society beyondblue Dietitians Association of Australia National Mental Health Consumer and Carer Forum Private Mental Health Consumer Carer Network Servier Australia WA Primary Health Alliance The RANZCP also acknowledges the input of the 21 individuals who provided feedback during the public consultation period.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Andrews, G., Bell, C., Boyce, P., Gale, C., Lampe, L., Marwat, O., Rapee, R., & Wilkins, G.
- Affiliations
- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Andrews, Gavin
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-11-30
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1109-1172
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2902556446
- Semantic Scholar
- e7deac79489f59d1799f4e336aca3258daa1e9a4
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 453
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 22.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, graded exposure, psychoeducation, lifestyle factors, treatment selection, New Zealand
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