The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
White Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposal
Open accessAbstract
Existing models of White racial identity development (WRID) are challenged as being deficient in terms of: (a) being based on the oppression-adaptive models of minority identity development, (b) focusing primarily on attitudes toward racial/ethnic out-groups, not on White identity attitudes; and (c) depicting the process as developmental in nature. An alternative conceptualization, based on the construct of White racial consciousness, is presented as a more parsimonious explanation for the role of racially oriented attitudes. Three types of unachieved White racial consciousness (avoidant, dependent, and dissonant) are proposed along with four types of achieved White racial consciousness (dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative). Changes in attitudes characteristic of one type to those more representative of another are explained in terms of dissonance reduction. Information is provided regarding the availability of an assessment device designed to identify the types of White racial consciousness.
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“Additional frameworks assessing whiteness have been put forth (for reviews, see Hays et al., 2021; Schooley et al., 2019), including models focusing on white racial consciousness (Rowe et al., 1994), white identity centrality (Knowles & Peng, 2005), white guilt (Grzanka et al., 2020), and the psychosocial costs of racism to whites (Spanierman & Heppner, 2004).”
From Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context (2022) · cites this paper as Rowe et al., 1994
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Studying Ethnic-Racial Identity among White Youth: White Supremacy as a Developmental Context
Moffitt, U., & Rogers, L. O. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12762 · Cited by 81
“…whiteness have been put forth (for reviews, see Hays et al., 2021; Schooley et al., 2019), including models focusing on white racial consciousness (Rowe et al., 1994), white identity centrality (Knowles & Peng, 2005), white guilt (Grzanka et al., 2020), and the psychosocial costs of racism to…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Rowe, W., Bennett, S. K., & Atkinson, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- The Counseling Psychologist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-146
- ISSN
- 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3861
- OpenAlex
- W2565548825
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 20.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Keywords
- white identity, racial identity development, white privilege, racial attitudes, dissonance reduction
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