LGBT discrimination, harassment and violence in Germany, Portugal and the UK: A quantitative comparative approach
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This article examines the incidents of discrimination, harassment and violence experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) individuals in Germany, Portugal and the UK. Using a large cross-national survey and adopting an intra-categorical intersectional approach, it documents how the likelihood of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence changes within LGBT communities across three national contexts. Moreover, it explores how individual characteristics are associated with the likelihood of experiencing such incidents. The results show that trans people are more at risk compared to cisgender gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals to experience discrimination, harassment and violence. However, other factors, such as socioeconomic resources, also affect the likelihood of individuals experiencing such incidents. The three countries in our study show some nuanced differences in likelihood levels of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence with regard to differential categories of sexual orientation and gender identity.
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People who are part of the LGBTQ+ community are vulnerable to various status inequalities related to income disparities, treatment in the workplace, and social and legal discrimination.
“Several studies have documented that people who are part of the LGBTQ+ community are vulnerable to various status inequalities related to income disparities, treatment in the workplace, and social and legal discrimination [44,45,46], as same-sex unions are not recognized.”
From An Internet-Based Intervention to Increase the Ability of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People to Cope With Adverse Events: Single-Group Feasibility Study (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
The Introduction (p. 2) and Discussion (p. 15) document discrimination against LGBT people, including workplace bullying. The Results (p. 12) examine how earnings relate to discrimination, but do not establish income disparities between LGBT people and others. The paper also does not support the explanation that same-sex unions are unrecognized: its discussion of national context (p. 6) says marriage equality came into effect in Germany. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“Several studies have documented that people who are part of the LGBTQ+ community are vulnerable to various status inequalities related to income disparities, treatment in the workplace, and social and legal discrimination [44,45,46], as same-sex unions are not recognized.”
Background
- Authors
- Bayrakdar, S., & King, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bayrakdar, Sait
- Venue
- Current Sociology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2021-09-17
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 152-172
- ISSN
- 0011-3921 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7064
- OpenAlex
- W3200132909
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 12.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Sociology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- NORFACE (462-16-080/3724)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Keywords
- LGBT discrimination, harassment, violence, transgender people, intersectionality, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic resources, cross-national comparison, Germany, Portugal, United Kingdom
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