The 20th-Year Anniversary of Critical Race Theory in Education: Implications for Leading to Eliminate Racism
Abstract
Purpose: Though the first published application of critical race theory (CRT) to education occurred 20 years ago, implications of CRT for educational leadership did not occur until López conducted a CRT analysis of the politics of education literature in 2003. No publications explicitly identify the implications of CRT for leadership practice. Given the gap in the literature, the research question that anchors this article asks, “How can CRT inform educational leadership to eliminate racism?” Research Method: To address the research question, I conducted a literature analysis of CRT in educational leadership, identified the CRT tenets that guided each publication, and derived six primary, interrelated CRT tenets from this analysis. I also extracted from the publications explicit and implicit implications for leadership practice as these implications related directly to each of the six CRT tenets. Findings/Implications: I describe each of the CRT tenets and explain how each can inform educational leadership practice. To close the article, I propose a CRT Inventory for Leading to Eliminate Racism. The Inventory suggests questions to guide leadership practice for each of the CRT tenets. I also offer implications for future research.
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Intersectionality refers to how race, sexuality, identity, gender, neurodiversity, and socio-economic status interconnect and consequently have a greater impact on the life of an individual or group.
“Finally, an important consideration in most educational contexts is Tenet 6: Inter -sectionality, which refers to how race, sexuality, identity, gender, neurodiversity, and socio-economic status interconnect and consequently have a greater impact on the life of an individual or group of individuals.”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Capper, 2015
Capper's (2015) review of critical race theory led to six interrelated tenets of education leadership, three of which support understanding the transformative approach: counter storytelling and majoritarian narratives, interest convergence, and intersectionality.
“Moreover, Leithwood (2021) discussed Capper's (2015) review of critical race theory (CRT), which led to six interrelated tenets of education leadership, three of which support understanding the transformative approach: 'Tenet 3: Counter storytelling and majoritarian narratives,' 'Tenet 4: Interest convergence,' and 'Tenet 6: Intersectionality' (Leithwood, 2021, p. 27).”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Capper, 2015
Alignment between goals to improve education for minoritized and White students would help foster an acceptance of slow, incremental equity gains.
“Through Tenet 4, Capper (2015) explained how alignment between goals to improve education for minoritized and White students would help 'foster an acceptance of slow, incremental equity gains' (p. 815); thus manipulating the education system for the better by implementing change that is beneficial to all students, where previous practice may only have benefited White students.”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Capper, 2015
Counternarratives present the perspective of the non-White group in depicting history and issues of racism, while majoritarian narratives serve to maintain White privilege or the status quo by reframing stories of racial inequities.
“Capper (2015) compared counternarratives with majoritarian narratives as the former presenting the perspective of the non-White group in depicting history and issues of racism, while the latter serves to maintain White privilege, or the status quo, by reframing stories of racial inequities.”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Capper, 2015
Attention to interconnectedness, intersectionality, adaptability, respect, and responsibility will lead to transformative education leadership practices.
“In addition to these practices, attention to interconnectedness, intersectionality, adaptability, respect, and responsibility will lead to transformative education leadership practices (Capper, 2015; Wane et al., 2022).”
From Education Leadership in K-12 Systems from a Métis Worldview: Infusing Education Leadership with an Understanding of Wâhkôhtowin (2025) · cites this paper as Capper, 2015
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 29,585 · see citing works
Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312032003465 · Cited by 8,057 · see citing works
Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth
Yosso *, T. J. (2005) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/1361332052000341006 · Cited by 7,546 · see citing works
Critical Race Methodology: Counter-Storytelling as an Analytical Framework for Education Research
Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780040200800103 · Cited by 4,257 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Solórzano and Yosso (2001, 2002) were among the first CRT in education scholars to develop counterstorytelling as a research method and further legitimize counterstories as justifiable data and valid (Ladson-Billings, 1998) that “can be used as theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical tools to…”
BackgroundMethodBrown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma
Bell, D. A. (1980) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1340546 · Cited by 2,574 · see citing works
Solorzano, D. G. (1998) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/095183998236926 · Cited by 1,132 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Relying on CRT history, I define intersectionality based on three considerations: one is the extent to which scholars address race across races (Solórzano, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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A Review of Evidence about Equitable School Leadership
Leithwood, K. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11080377 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Culturally Responsive Middle Leadership for Equitable Student Outcomes
Highfield, C., Webber, M., & Woods, R. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14030327 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chaulk, D. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.53967/cje-rce.7521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Capper, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Capper, Colleen A.
- ORCID
- Capper, Colleen A.
- Venue
- Educational Administration Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-10-13
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 791-833
- ISSN
- 0013-161X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3519
- OpenAlex
- W2296843464
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 25.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2015-12-17)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational Administration Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Leadership and Practices
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Keywords
- critical race theory, educational leadership, racism in education, leadership practices, politics of education
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