The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Instructional Leadership and School Achievement:Validation of a Causal Model
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to test a theoretical causal model concerning how elementary and secondary school principals can influence school student achievement through the frequency of implementation of certain instructional leadership behaviors. After controlling for contextual variables, we hypothesized that three latent variables related to principal instructional leadership (school governance, instructional organization, school climate) affected student achievement. A total of 332 teachers and 56 school principals participated in the study. We conducted separate analyses of the proposed model at the individual and school level. The results confirm that the proposed model fit the data. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 19,023
Cited by
Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x08321509 · Cited by 2,549
Reassessing the Principal's Role in School Effectiveness: A Review of Empirical Research, 1980-1995
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (1996) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x96032001002 · Cited by 1,751
Self-citationDay, C., Gu, Q., & Sammons, P. (2016) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x15616863 · Cited by 996
Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (2010) · School Leadership & Management · doi:10.1080/13632431003663214 · Cited by 788
Self-citationPrincipals' Instructional Leadership and Teacher Development: Teachers' Perspectives
Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1999) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00131619921968590 · Cited by 561
Metadata
- Authors
- Heck, R. H., Larsen, T. J., & Marcoulides, G. A.
- Venue
- Educational Administration Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1990-05
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 94-125
- ISSN
- 0013-161X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3519
- OpenAlex
- W1964414848
- Cited by
- 474
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 58.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Instructional Leadership and School Achievement:Validation of a Causal Model. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0013161x90026002002
- The paper
- Heck, R. H., Larsen, T. J., & Marcoulides, G. A. (1990). Instructional Leadership and School Achievement:Validation of a Causal Model. Educational Administration Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x90026002002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.