Development and Validation of a Brief Measure of the Three Psychological Needs Underlying Intrinsic Motivation: The Afs Scales
Abstract
According to self-determination theory, intrinsic motivation arises from three psychological needs: self-determination, competence, and relatedness. In the present article, the authors describe the development of a brief, reliable, valid, and easy-to-administer measure of each of these psychological needs. (A fourth scale to measure tension is included.) Normative data, coefficient alphas, and evidence for factorial and external validity for each of the Activity-Feeling States (AFS) scales are provided. Further, predictive utility for the AFS scales is demonstrated by showing that each scale predicts both self-report and behavioral measures of intrinsic motivation.
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Earlier measures of BPNT's psychological needs primarily tapped into the presence of need satisfaction, with a few items measuring the absence or deprivation of need satisfaction being reverse-scored and combined into a composite satisfaction score.
“Earlier measures of BPNT's psychological needs primarily tapped into the presence of need satisfaction, with a few items measuring the absence or deprivation of need satisfaction being reverse-scored and combined into a composite satisfaction score (e.g.Reeve and Sickenius 1994;Sheldon et al. 2001;Van den Broeck et al. 2010).”
From Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions (2020) · cites this paper as Reeve and Sickenius 1994
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References 13 · Cited by 135
- Authors
- Reeve, J., & Sickenius, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Alliant University (US)
- ORCID
- Reeve, Johnmarshall
- Venue
- Educational and Psychological Measurement
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1994-06
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 506-515
- ISSN
- 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3888
- OpenAlex
- W2010574981
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Keywords
- intrinsic motivation, self-determination theory, psychological needs, self-determination, competence, relatedness, scale development, tension, predictive validity
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