Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions

May combine two claims.

Need frustration predicts lower happiness and multiple forms of maladjustment.

“Conversely, the essential role of these basic psychological needs manifests also in the functional costs associated with their frustration, which predicts lower happiness and multiple forms of maladjustment (Bartholomew et al. 2011;Ryan et al. 2016).”

• cites Bartholomew et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The General Discussion (p. 24) links need thwarting in athletes to multiple forms of ill-being, including depression, burnout, disordered eating, and negative affect. The claim about lower happiness is not supported by the daily findings: the Measures section (p. 20) includes “Happy” in positive affect, but the analysis (p. 22) says changes in positive affect were associated with need satisfaction, not need thwarting. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Ryan et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Basic psychological needs are universally applicable and operative, and thus relevant for individuals regardless of demographic characteristics, personality, or cultural background.

“If psychological needs are inherent, they should be universally applicable and operative (Ryan and Deci 2017), and thus relevant for individuals regardless of their demographic characteristics (e.g., age, nationality, gender; Henning et al. 2019), personality (e.g., Mabbe et al. 2016), or cultural background (e.g., Benita et al. 2020).”

• cites Ryan and Deci 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Henning et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mabbe et al. 2016 sourceSupported

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Psychological needs form an ingrained part of our psychological make-up.

May combine two claims.

Offering external rewards for partaking in an interesting activity can undermine intrinsic motivation, presumably because controlling rewards shift perceived locus of causality from internal to external, diminishing autonomy.

“In contrast, offering external rewards for partaking in an interesting activity can undermine intrinsic motivation (Deci et al. 1999), presumably because controlling rewards can shift one's perceived locus of causality (deCharms 1968) from internal to external, thereby diminishing a sense of autonomy (Houlfort et al. 2002).”

• cites Deci et al. 1999 sourceSupported
• cites deCharms 1968Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Houlfort et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Need satisfaction predicts adjustment, characterizes satisfying life events, is critical to a sense of meaning in life, and contributes to harmonious passions.

“Underscoring the claim that BPNT's core needs constitute such essential psychological nutrients, need satisfaction has been found to predict adjustment (e.g., Van den Broeck et al. 2016), to characterize satisfying life events (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2010), to be critical to a sense of meaning in life (González-Cutre et al. 2020;Martela et al. 2018) and to contribute to harmonious passions (Valleran”

• cites Van den Broeck et al. 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Sheldon et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites González-Cutre et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Sheldon et al. (2001) found that the three basic needs were ranked in the top five of the most satisfied or deprived needs during satisfying and unsatisfying events, with all three uniquely relating to event-related affect.

“Their work largely confirmed the critical role of the three basic needs, which were ranked in the top five of the most satisfied (or deprived) needs during both satisfying (and unsatisfying) events, with all three needs uniquely relating to event-related affect.”

• cites Sheldon et al. 2001 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Need satisfactions account for toddlers' curiosity-driven exploration, adolescents' negotiation of parental requests, and adults' engagement in volunteering.

“Similarly, need satisfactions have been found to account for toddlers' curiosity-driven exploration of the environment (Whipple et al. 2011), adolescents' negotiation of parental requests (Van Petegem et al. 2017), and adults' engagement in volunteering (Huang et al. 2019).”

• cites Whipple et al. 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Petegem et al. 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Autonomy need satisfaction and frustration section measures adolescents’ anticipated autonomy satisfaction and negotiation in response to a maternal request. The General Discussion reports more negotiation among adolescents with an autonomy-supportive parenting history, but attributes that pattern to parenting context; it does not establish that need satisfaction accounts for negotiation. The toddler and adult findings are attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Huang et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Specific behaviors denoting psychological need satisfaction include forming harmonious relationships, building rapport, steadily extending one's skills, and pursuing one's core interests.

“Examples of specific behaviors denoting psychological need satisfaction include the formation of harmonious relationships and building rapport (Baker et al. 2020), steadily extending one's skills, or pursuing one's core interests (Weinstein et al. 2016a).”

• cites Baker et al. 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Weinstein et al. 2016a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Beneficence frustration correlated with various indicators of ill-being but failed to predict incremental variance above the frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

“Although beneficence frustration correlated with various indicators of ill-being, it failed to predict incremental variance above the frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.”

• cites Martela and Ryan 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

During the past decade, a conceptual and methodological breakthrough led to an exponential increase in the study of the 'dark' side of human functioning and to a focus on need thwarting conditions and need frustrating experiences.

“During the past decade, however, a conceptual and methodological breakthrough led to an exponential increase in the study of the 'dark' side of human functioning and to a focus on need thwarting conditions and need frustrating experiences (Bartholomew et al. 2011;Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”

• cites Bartholomew et al. 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The introduction (p. 4) describes recent conceptual and measurement advances that enabled research on need thwarting and the darker sides of functioning; Limitations and Future Directions (p. 28) calls the paper a new empirical approach. The copy does not establish that research increased exponentially over the past decade or attribute that growth to this advance. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not specified) describes a rapidly growing body of research on need frustration and negative outcomes. The Need Thwarting Environments section (page not specified) likewise says an increasing number of studies examine need-thwarting environments. Neither passage establishes an exponential increase or attributes that growth to a conceptual and methodological breakthrough. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The quote only partly states this claim.

The finding that need frustration predicts incremental variance in maladjustment above and beyond low need satisfaction was confirmed in other life domains, such as work, education, romantic relationships, and exercising.

“This work in the sport context was quickly confirmed in other life domains, such as work (Trepanier et al. 2016), education (e.g., Jang et al. 2016a), romantic relationships (e.g., Kindt et al. 2016;Vanhee et al. 2016), and exercising (e.g., Teixeira et al. 2018).”

• cites Trepanier et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jang et al. 2016a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kindt et al. 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Bartholomew et al. (2011) were the first to directly measure both need satisfaction and need frustration; their studies found the two types of need-based experiences to be negatively and moderately correlated, and need frustration to be especially predictive of ill-being including burn-out, eating symptomatology, and negative affect in athletes.

“Bartholomew et al. (2011) were the first to directly measure both types of need-based experiences.Their series of 1 3 studies revealed two important findings.First, congruent with the presumed asymmetrical relation between need satisfaction and need frustration, both types of need-based experiences were found to be negatively and moderately correlated.Second, as hypothesized, experiences of need”

• cites Bartholomew et al. (2011) sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Need satisfaction and need frustration stand in an asymmetrical relation: the absence of need satisfaction does not necessarily imply the presence of need frustration, whereas the presence of need frustration denotes the absence of need satisfaction.

“These two experiences (i.e., need satisfaction and frustration) stand in an asymmetrical relation to each other, as the absence of need satisfaction does not necessarily imply the presence of need frustration, whereas the presence of need frustration denotes the absence of need satisfaction (Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”

• cites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The BPNSFS is currently the most widely used measure of need satisfaction and frustration, and it has been validated in multiple languages and adapted for specific contexts.

“The BPNSFS is currently the most widely used measure.Originally validated in Dutch, English, Spanish, and Chinese, today a variety of translations and contextspecific adaptations are available, including validations in German (Heissel et al. 2018), Japanese (Nishimura and Suzuki 2016), Italian (Costa et al. 2018), Hebrew (Benita et al. 2020), Turkish (Selvi and Bozo 2020), and Portuguese (Cordeiro”

• cites Heissel et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nishimura and Suzuki 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Costa et al. 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Need frustration relates positively to amotivation, controlled motivation, and disengagement, and negatively to autonomous motivation.

“in the domain of physical education, Haerens et al. (2015) found basic need frustration to relate positively to amotivation, reflecting discouragement and helplessness.Following students throughout an entire school year, Bartholomew et al. (2018) reported that semester-to-semester variation in students' need frustration covaried positively with amotivation and controlled motivation, and negatively”

• cites Haerens et al. (2015) sourceSupported
• cites Bartholomew et al. (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jang et al. (2016a) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Among the direct costs associated with basic psychological need frustration are loss of motivation, disengagement, and experiences of ill-being and distress.

“Among the direct costs associated with basic psychological need frustration are loss of motivation, disengagement, and experiences of ill-being and distress.”

• cites Haerens et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports that need frustration was associated with amotivation in physical education students, while the Need satisfaction and need frustration section describes it as a vulnerability factor for ill-being and cites links with stress. The claim overstates these associations as direct costs, and this study does not establish disengagement as a direct outcome of need frustration. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Bartholomew et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jang et al. 2016a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Need frustration relates positively to a drive for muscularity among male bodybuilders, and relatedness frustration helped explain body builders' muscle checking and exercise-dependency.

“need frustration related positively to a drive for muscularity among male bodybuilders (Selvi and Bozo 2020).Interestingly, particularly, relatedness frustration helped explain body builders' muscle checking and exercise-dependency (see also Edwards et al. 2016).”

• cites Selvi and Bozo 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Edwards et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that need thwarting predicted weightlifting and muscle dissatisfaction in a sample of men. It does not report a finding specifically about relatedness frustration, muscle checking, or exercise dependency among bodybuilders. The preceding claim about a positive relationship with drive for muscularity is cited to Selvi and Bozo, not Edwards et al. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Contingent self-worth functions as a double-edged sword, entailing great commitment but also relating to greater emotional distress.

“Contingent self-worth functions as a doubleedged sword, on the one hand entailing great commitment (Crocker et al. 2003) but on the other hand also relating to greater emotional distress (Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2016).”

• cites Crocker et al. 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Profiles characterized by a stronger presence of need satisfaction and by an absence of need frustration yield the most adaptive outcomes, while the opposite profile of low need satisfaction and high frustration yields the most maladaptive outcomes.

“Various profiles were identified, with those being characterized by a stronger presence of need satisfaction and by an absence of need frustration yielding the most adaptive outcomes.The opposite profile of low need satisfaction and high frustration yielded the most maladaptive outcomes (see also Vanhove-Meriaux et al. 2018).”

• cites Warburton et al. 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Rouse et al. 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Vanhove-Meriaux et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Need-specific coping reactions may be partially genetically determined but also rooted in developmental exposure to need-supportive or thwarting contexts.

“Notably, such need-specific coping reactions may, in turn, be partially genetically determined but also rooted in developmental exposure to need-supportive or thwarting contexts (Van Petegem et al. 2017).”

• cites Van Petegem et al. 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) links adolescents’ constructive or maladaptive coping with their histories of autonomy-need support or frustration. It does not address genetic determination, and its findings concern autonomy-related coping rather than need-specific coping generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Promising work among secondary school and university students revealed considerable heterogeneity in need trajectories, although these studies focused on need satisfaction only.

“Promising work in this are was conducted among secondary school (Ratelle and Duchesne 2014) and university (Gillet et al. 2019) students, thereby revealing considerable heterogeneity in need trajectories, although these studies focused on need satisfaction only.”

• cites Ratelle and Duchesne 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Gillet et al. 2019 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The study of need frustration as a separate dimension from need satisfaction has extended the reach of BPNT, with need-based experiences potentially playing a unifying role between literature on psychological growth and well-being and literature on psychopathology and risk.

“Clearly, the study of need frustration as a separate dimension from need satisfsaction has extended the reach of BPNT, with need-based experiences potentially playing a unifying role between literature on psychological growth and wellbeing and literature on psychopathology and risk ( Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013).”

• cites Vansteenkiste and Ryan 2013 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Need frustration elicits oppositional defiance, which may help explain why need frustration relates to a variety of externalizing problems such as resentment towards authorities, bullying, cheating, aggressive behaviors, and delinquency.

“Further, the fact that need frustration elicits oppositional defiance may help to explain why need frustration relates to a variety of externalizing problems such as the expression of resentment towards authorities (Aelterman et al. 2016), bullying (Hein et al. 2015), cheating (Kanat-Maymon et al. 2015), aggressive behaviors (Vandenkerckhove et al. 2019a), and delinquency (Van Petegem et al. 2015a”

• cites Aelterman et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hein et al. 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Kanat-Maymon et al. 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Oppositional defiance is reactive in nature because the primary goal is to escape from feeling controlled, and it is assumed to be an unskillful way of expressing resistance against authorities.

“Such defiance is reactive in nature because the primary goal is to escape from feeling controlled (Koestner and Losier 1996).Oppositional defiance is assumed to be an unskillful way of expressing resistance against authorities (Parkin and Kuczynski 2012).”

• cites Koestner and Losier 1996 sourceSupported
• cites Parkin and Kuczynski 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The costs of need frustration manifest through one's dreams, with individuals appraising their dreams in a more negative way and reporting more negative dream contents on days that their needs get frustrated.

“Interestingly, the costs of need frustration even manifest through one's dreams, with individuals appraising their dreams in a more negative way and reporting more negative dream contents on days that their needs get frustrated (Weinstein et al. 2018).”

• cites Weinstein et al. 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The Study 2 Brief discussion (page unavailable) reports that on days of greater need frustration, participants experienced more negative emotions in their dreams, supporting the negative-appraisal part. It also says that day-to-day need experiences were unrelated to dream themes, so the claim that they reported more negative dream contents on those days is not supported if ‘contents’ means themes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Need-based dynamics now appear critical for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities, for the engagement and productivity of crew members in a long-term mars simulation flight and for senior adults' adjustment who face the challenge of achieving ego-integrity.

“To illustrate, need-based dynamics now appear critical for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities (Frielink et al. 2019), for the engagement and productivity of crew members in a long-term mars simulation flight (Goemaere et al. 2019) and for senior adults' adjustment who face the challenge of achieving ego-integrity (Custers et al. 2012).”

• cites Frielink et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Goemaere et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Custers et al. 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says that matching nursing home residents’ needs with their fulfillment is crucial for well-being, supporting the general point about need-based dynamics and adjustment. The paper concerns nursing home residents specifically; the searched passages do not address achieving ego-integrity, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Both the percentage of variance explained by interactions and the number of obtained interactions is rather limited in most, if not all, studies.

“That is, both the percentage of variance explained by interactions but also the number of obtained interactions is rather limited in most, if not all, studies (e.g., Katz et al. 2009;Van Assche et al. 2018).”

• cites Katz et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Assche et al. 2018 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Adolescents who grew up in a home characterized by increasing autonomy-supportive socialization over the years perceived exposure to a new autonomy-supportive, relative to a controlling, encounter with parents as more autonomy satisfying and reacted in more constructive ways to a controlling situation.

“For example, adolescents who grew up in a home characterized by increasing autonomy-supportive socialization over the years perceived exposure to a new autonomy-supportive, relative to a controlling, encounter with parents as more autonomy satisfying and reacted in more constructive ways to a controlling situation (Van Petegem et al. 2017).”

• cites Van Petegem et al. 2017 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Chinese adolescents perceive the parental practice of guilt-induction as more benign compared to Belgian teens, yet still as more controlling and autonomy-thwarting compared to autonomy support.

“Similarly, Chinese adolescents perceive the parental practice of guiltinduction as more benign compared to Belgian teens, yet still as more controlling and autonomy-thwarting compared to autonomy support (Chen et al. 2016; see also Chao and Aque 2009).”

• cites Chen et al. 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Chao and Aque 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Experimental studies indicate that learners benefit from an autonomy-supportive teaching style, with participants' motivational differences affecting these effects only to a limited extent.

“Similarly, experimental studies indicate that learners benefit from an autonomy-supportive teaching style, with participants' motivational differences affecting these effects only to a limited extent (e.g., Delrue et al. 2019b;De Meyer et al. 2016;Flünger et al. 2019).”

• cites Delrue et al. 2019b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites De Meyer et al. 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Flünger et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Wörtler et al. (2020) found in samples of both Dutch and American employees that experiences of volition, mastery, and connection at work are conducive to employees' engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, with need strength moderating these effects only to a very limited degree.

“To illustrate, Wörtler et al. (2020) found in samples of both Dutch and American employees that experiences of volition, mastery, and connection at work are conducive to employees' engagement and organizational citizenship behavior, with need strength moderating these effects only to a very limited degree.”

• cites Wörtler et al. (2020) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Adolescents high and low on trait autonomous functioning experienced a controlling parental request to put out extra effort after poor exams as equally autonomy frustrating, but those high on trait autonomy did not perceive the request as illegitimate, nor did they intend to defy the request.

“To illustrate, adolescents high and low on trait autonomous functioning experienced a controlling parental request to put out extra effort after poor exams as equally autonomy frustrating, but those high on trait autonomy did not perceive the request as illegitimate, nor did they intend to defy the request, signaling a nuanced pattern of moderation (Van Petegem et al. 2019).”

• cites Van Petegem et al. 2019 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The effects of need satisfaction on individuals' felt emotions and well-being become gradually less strong with decreasing explicit need strength, but even those low in need strength did not benefit from dissatisfaction or frustration of their needs.

“To illustrate, the effects of need satisfaction on individuals' felt emotions (Flünger et al. 2013) andwellbeing (Van Assche et al. 2018) become gradually less strong with decreasing explicit need strength, but even those low in need strength did not benefit from dissatisfaction or frustration of their needs (see also Schüler et al. 2016).”

• cites Flünger et al. 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Assche et al. 2018 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Schüler et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Psychologically controlling parenting has been found to relate to more internalizing problems irrespective of children's Big Five personality traits but to relate to externalizing problems mainly among children low on agreeableness.

“Similarly, psychologically controlling parenting (i.e., a specific type of need-thwarting parenting characterized by love withdrawal and guilt-induction) has been found to relate to more internalizing problems irrespective of children's Big Five personality traits but to relate to externalizing problems mainly among children low on agreeableness (Mabbe et al. 2016).”

• cites Mabbe et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Primary Analyses (page not provided) find that psychological control was related to externalizing problems among adolescents low in Agreeableness, but not those high in Agreeableness. The claim overstates the internalizing finding: in Sample 1, mother-reported psychological control was unrelated to internalizing problems among adolescents high in Extraversion or Emotional Stability, although adolescent-reported control showed no such moderation. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Big Five personality traits and differences in need strength have not been shown to reliably affect the functional role of need satisfactions on developmental outcomes.

“Similarly, Big Five personality traits (Mabbe et al. 2016) and differences in need strength (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2001) have not been shown to reliably affect the functional role of need satisfactions on developmental outcomes.”

• cites Mabbe et al. 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Primary Analyses report that none of the Big Five traits significantly moderated the association between need frustration and adolescents’ problem behaviors. However, the Methods section says the study measured need frustration rather than need satisfaction, and its outcomes were problem behaviors rather than developmental outcomes generally. The separate claim about need strength is attributed to Sheldon et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sheldon et al. 2001 sourcePartly supported

  The Substantive Analyses (p. 6) found that need-strength interactions, as a set, did not significantly predict event-related affect, although one interaction was significant. The Summarizing the Results section (p. 12) likewise says need preferences did not moderate the main effects. This supports the cited point about need strength, but the paper tested event-related affect, not developmental outcomes; the Big Five portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Positive feedback promotes greater interest and enjoyment of an activity, an effect accounted for by satisfaction of the need for competence.

“To illustrate, positive feedback was found to promote greater interest and enjoyment of an activity (Vallerand and Reid 1984), an effect accounted for by the satisfaction of individuals' need for competence (De Muynck et al. 2017).”

• cites Vallerand and Reid 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites De Muynck et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle is affected by ongoing need satisfactions and frustrations, with a healthy lifestyle feeding back into individuals' need-based experiences.

“Indeed, the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle is affected by ongoing need satisfactions and frustrations (e.g., Ng et al. 2012), with a healthy lifestyle feeding back into individuals' need-based experiences (Campbell et al. 2018c).”

• cites Ng et al. 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Campbell et al. 2018c sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Openness to experience moderates the relation between novelty satisfaction and well-being.

“Different from Bagheri and Milyavskaya (2020), they reported some evidence for the moderating role of openness to experience in the relation between novelty satisfaction and well-being (cfr.Basic Criterion #5).”

• cites González-Cutre et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Jang et al. (2009) found that autonomy and competence were most salient during self-generated satisfying events and accounted for substantial variation in event-related affect.

“Autonomy and competence were most salient during self-generated satisfying events and accounted for substantial variation in event-related affect.”

• cites Jang et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Controlling for SDT's three basic needs, novelty satisfaction contributes to individuals' motivation and adjustment during exercising and to well-being, while novelty frustration relates negatively to well-being.

“Controlling for SDT's three basic needs, novelty satisfaction was found to still contribute to individuals' motivation and adjustment during exercising (Study 1) and to well-being (Study 2), while its frustration was related negatively to well-being (Study 2; cfr.Basic Criterion #2).”

• cites González-Cutre et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Novelty-variety can be factor-analytically separated from other needs, contributes uniquely to domain-specific well-being over and above ARC, and comes with a well-being cost when experimentally thwarted.

“Defining novelty-variety as the individual's perception of experiencing or doing something new, including the possibility to swith things up in different combinations, Bagheri and Milyavskaya (2020) showed in a series of correlational and vignette-based experimental studies that novelty-variety can be factor-analytically separated from the other needs (Basic Criterion #4), that it contributes”

• cites Bagheri and Milyavskaya 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Moral satisfaction is related to the enactment of moral behaviors and to wellness at both between- and within-person levels of analysis.

“In their contribution to the special issue, they provided further evidence by showing that moral satisfaction is related to the enactment of moral behaviors and to wellness at both between-and within-person levels of analysis, thereby satisfying Basic Criterion #5.”

• cites Prentice et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Concerns about self-worth largely surface when basic psychological needs are frustrated, and self-esteem dynamics are primarily dependent upon the basic needs.

“Concerns about self-worth largely surface on moments when the basic psychological needs are frustrated (Bartholomew et al. 2018), and thus the dynamics of self-esteem are primarily dependent upon the basic needs (Ryan and Brown 2003).”

• cites Bartholomew et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ryan and Brown 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

BPNT holds that individuals have a limited set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is essential for flourishing and well-being.

“At the heart of BPNT (Ryan and Deci 2017) is the argument that individuals have a limited set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is essential for flourishing and well-being.”

• cites Ryan and Deci 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A basic psychological need in BPNT should be sufficiently distinct from other identified basic needs, both experientially and dynamically.

“Fourth, a basic psychological need in BPNT should be sufficiently distinct from other identified basic needs, both experientially and dynamically.”

May combine two claims.

BPNT considers both satisfaction and frustration of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, with frustration being a stronger and more threatening experience than mere absence of fulfilment.

“BPNT considers both the satisfaction and frustration of these three needs, with frustration representing a stronger and more threatening experience than the mere absence of its fulfilment.”

• cites Ryan and Deci 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Deprivation or frustration of these needs diminishes flourishing and increases risk for ill-being and psychopathology.

“Conversely, deprivation or frustration of these needs diminishes flourishing and increases risk for ill-being and psychopathology.”

May combine two claims.

Basic needs should at times direct individuals' actions, leading people to proactively seek activities, goals, and relationships in which they can experience volition, mastery, and connection, and to avoid need-frustrating counterparts.

“Consistent with the growth-instead of deficit-oriented character of basic needs within BPNT, people would have a propensity to actively seek activities, goals, and relationships in which they can experience a sense of volition, mastery, and connection, and to avoid need frustrating counterparts (Laporte et al. 2019;Weinstein et al. 2016a).”

• cites Laporte et al. 2019Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Weinstein et al. 2016a sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.

May combine two claims.

Basic psychological needs should play an important explanatory role in the effects of social contexts on developmental outcomes, being context-responsive and mediating the relation between social environments and psychosocial adjustment.

“Technically, basic psychological needs should be context-responsive constructs (Prentice et al. 2019), thus systematically showing variability as a function of contextual variations, while also mediating the relation between variations in social environments and individuals' psychosocial adjustment.”

• cites Prentice et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Human beings naturally develop in the direction of increasing adaptation, integration, and coherence where possible.

May combine two claims.

Experiencing failure, feeling conflicted about identity-relevant choices, or feeling lonely each denote experiences of psychological need frustration.

“Experiencing failure (Waterschoot et al. 2020), feeling conflicted about identity-relevant choices (Assor et al. 2020), or feeling lonely (Baumeister and Leary 1995) each denote experiences of psychological need frustration.”

• cites Waterschoot et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Assor et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Baumeister and Leary 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Self-esteem, self-actualization, and meaning represent outcomes that follow from having psychological needs fulfilled.

“Also, much like other potential need candidates, such as self-actualization (Maslow 1971) and meaning (Martela and Steger 2016), self-esteem represents an outcome that follows from having psychological needs fulfilled.”

• cites Maslow 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Martela and Steger 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

People should gravitate towards need-supportive contexts, a tendency more visible for those with high levels of agency.

“People should also gravitate towards need-supportive contexts, a tendency more visible for those with high levels of agency (Legault et al. 2017;Patall et al. 2019;Reeve 2013).”

• cites Legault et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Patall et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Reeve 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The involvement of psychological needs in phenotypically diverse phenomena speaks to their pervasive impact and underscores the parsimony of BPNT as a theoretical framework.

“The observation that the psychological needs are involved in such phenotypically diverse phenomena speaks to the pervasive impact of these psychological needs and underscores the parsimony of BPNT as a theoretical framework.”

May combine two claims.

Need-based experiences are implicated in the way people think about and handle their final destiny, which speaks to the essential and pervasive nature of the SDT's current three basic needs.

“The fact that need-based experiences are implicated in the way people think about and handle their final destiny again speaks to the essential and pervasive nature of the SDT's current three basic needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ryan and Deci (2017) argued that 'distinct human natures' can manifest as a function of not only genetic inclinations, but also contextual variations in basic need supports and thwarts and their interplay.

“It is in this sense that Ryan and Deci (2017) argued that 'distinct human natures' (p.620) can manifest as a function of not only genetic inclinations, but also contextual variations in basic need supports and thwarts and their interplay (Van Assche et al. 2016).”

• cites Ryan and Deci (2017) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Van Assche et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In older adults, reflections on need frustration across one's life relate to death anxiety, in part because higher need frustration is associated with greater feelings of despair, bitterness, and regret.

“In older adults, reflections on need frustration across one's life relate to death anxiety, in part because higher need frustration is associated with greater feelings of despair, bitterness, and regret (Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2019).”

• cites Van der Kaap-Deeder et al. 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Relatedness involves a sense of connection and mutuality at the individual level, extends to feelings of inclusion and harmony at the group level, and includes experiences of care vis-à-vis the broader society, the universe, and nature.

“relatedness does not only involve a sense of connection and mutuality at the individual level (e.g.Fedesco et al. 2019), but extends to feelings of inclusion and harmony at the group level (Kelly et al. 2008;Sheldon and Bettencourt 2002) as well as experiences of care vis-à-vis the broader society, the universe, and even the proposed need-candidate relatedness with nature (Baxter and Pelletier 201”

• cites Fedesco et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kelly et al. 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sheldon and Bettencourt 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Beneficence satisfaction initially appeared to conform to the criteria of a basic need, but subsequent work indicated that frustration of beneficence may fail to yield a unique contribution.

“beneficence satisfaction initially appeared to conform to the criteria of a basic need (Martela and Ryan 2016;Martela et al. 2018), with subsequent work indicating that frustration of beneficence may fail to yield a unique contribution.”

• cites Martela and Ryan 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Martela et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Findings concerning compensatory, substitute, and reactive processes associated with need frustration attest to the dynamic nature of need-related processes, and the depth in psychological functioning afforded by BPNT.

“Moreover, findings concerning compensatory, substitute, and reactive processes associated with need frustration attest to the dynamic nature of needrelated processes, and the depth in psychological functioning afforded by BPNT (Ryan and Deci 2017).”

• cites Ryan and Deci 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Campbell et al. (2018a) showed that need frustration not only predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms and eating pathology, but also largely accounted for their co-occurrence and co-evolution across time.

“Illustrating such a potentially transdiagnostic role, Campbell et al. (2018a) showed that need frustration not only predicted adolescents' depressive symptoms and eating pathology, but also largely accounted for their cooccurrence and co-evolution across time (Campbell et al. 2018a).”

• cites Campbell et al. (2018a) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Apart from BPNT's basic psychological needs, people also require food, water, air, sex, sleep and other inputs to survive and to be physically healthy.

“Apart from BPNT's basic psychological needs, people also require food, water, air, sex, sleep and other inputs to survive and to be physically healthy, as noted by drive-based theories (Hull 1943).”

• cites Hull 1943Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Basic need frustration underlies phenotypically different symptoms and explains why these symptoms cluster at the surface level.

“Thus, basic need frustration was found to underlie phenotypically different symptoms and to explain why these symptoms cluster at the surface level.”

May combine two claims.

There is growing and varied evidence showing how experiences of need frustration can elicit insecurity about self-worth and, as one compensatory strategy, foster ego-involved behaviors.

“There is growing and varied evidence showing how experiences of need frustration can elicit insecurity about self-worth and, as one compensatory strategy, foster egoinvolved behaviors.”

• cites Bartholomew et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Assor and Tal 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lalande et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Waterschoot et al. (2020) showed that participants dispositionally high on resilience displayed an attentional bias towards competence-relevant cues in response to manipulated negative feedback, and this attentional shift was functional in recovering from the blow to their competence need.

“In an experimental study, Waterschoot et al. (2020) showed that participants dispositionally high on resilience displayed an attentional bias towards competence-relevant cues in response to manipulated negative feedback.In turn, this attentional shift was found to be functional in recovering from the blow to their competence need.”

• cites Waterschoot et al. (2020) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although defiance may be undertaken to restore threatened psychological needs and to regain a sense of independence and freedom, longitudinal research suggests that defiant adolescents become increasingly alienated from their personal preferences and interests, experiencing decreasing autonomy over time.

“Although defiance may be undertaken to restore threatened psychological needs and to regain a sense of independence and freedom, longitudinal research suggests that defiant adolescents become increasingly alienated from their personal preferences and interests, experiencing decreasing autonomy over time (Van Petegem et al. 2015b).”

• cites Van Petegem et al. 2015b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The difference between mental health and risk for psychopathology is a matter of continuity, with need-relevant dynamics playing a role both in actualizing individuals' potential for growth and in awakening vulnerabilities for psychopathology, as manifest in both subclinical and clinical disorders.

“Instead, the difference between mental health and risk for psychopathology is a matter of continuity, with need-relevant dynamics playing a role both in actualizing individuals' potential for growth and in awakening vulnerabilities for psychopathology, as manifest in both subclinical and clinical disorders (Ryan et al. 2016).”

• cites Ryan et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Studies have included measures of somatization and physical symptoms as indicators of ill-being, which were found to stem from low need satisfaction and especially high need frustration.

“Studies have included measures of somatization and physical symptoms as indicators of ill-being (e.g., Reinboth et al. 2004;Reis et al. 2000), which were found to stem from low need satisfaction and especially high need frustration.”

• cites Reinboth et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Reis et al. 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Skinner, Edge, Altman, and Sherwood (2003) identified for each of the three needs a family of need-relevant (mal)adaptive coping strategies.

“Skinner, Edge, Altman, and Sherwood (2003) identified for each of the three needs a family of need-relevant (mal)adaptive coping strategies that deserve more empirical attention.”

• cites Skinner, Edge, Altman, and Sherwood (2003) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Specific findings show that fluctuations in need frustration covary with contingent self-worth; self-aggrandizement following success and shame following failure are associated with need-thwarting parenting; obsessive passion is rooted in need frustration outside the activity; problematic Tinder use is predicted by self-worth enhancement rooted in relatedness frustration; and dysregulated gamingis

“semester-to-semester fluctuations in students' need frustration covaried with semester-to-semester fluctuations in contingent self-worth (Bartholomew et al. 2018).Similarly, children's tendency to experience self-aggrandizement following success, and shame and inferiority following failure, appears to be associated with need-thwarting parenting styles (Assor and Tal 2012).Further, an obsessive”

• cites Bartholomew et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Assor and Tal 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lalande et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Unlike ARC, which represent growth needs, deficit needs become salient and operative when unfulfilled, with their salience again waning when satisfied.

“Unlike ARC, which represent growth needs, these deficit needs become salient and operative when unfulfilled, with their salience again waning when satisfied.”

May combine two claims.

The hoped-for emotional benefits associated with the pursuit of extrinsic goals are often overestimated, and the pursuit of extrinsic goals and even their attainment has been found to relate to diminished need satisfaction and increased need frustration, which helps explain their detrimental effects on well-being.

“Ironically, the hoped-for emotional benefits associated with the pursuit of extrinsic goals are often overestimated (e.g., Sheldon et al. 2010).In reality, the pursuit of extrinsic goals and even their attainment has been found to relate to diminished need satisfaction and increased need frustration, which helps explain their detrimental effects on wellbeing (Hope et al. 2019;Leung and Law 2019;Un”

• cites Sheldon et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hope et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Leung and Law 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Maslow (1954) proposed, in addition to physiological needs, a physical need for safety and security, which involves being protected against physical harm, uncertainty, and pain.

“Also, in his highly popularized need-hierarchy Maslow (1954) proposed, in addition to these physiological needs, a physical need for safety and security, which involves being protected against physical harm, uncertainty, and pain.”

• cites Maslow (1954) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Individuals with more extrinsic goals had more controlled motives for the key career goal they had selected, which led them to forego the pursuit of psychological need-satisfying activities during the year, and this psychological need sacrificing had a cost, with these students displaying increases in need frustration and associated distress by the end of the year.

“Holding et al. (2020) illustrate how this can occur.In two large samples of university students, Holding et al. reported that individuals with more extrinsic goals had more controlled motives for the key career goal they had selected for themselves in the beginning of an academic year, which led them to forego the pursuit of psychological need-satisfying activities during the year.Such”

• cites Holding et al. (2020) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Smith (2007) reported that undergraduates who experienced greater autonomy, competence, and relatedness during sexual interactions reported more positive outcomes and less negative outcomes.

“Using an event-contingent diary methodology, Smith (2007) reported that undergraduates who experienced greater autonomy, competence, and relatedness during sexual interactions reported more positive outcomes (e.g.relaxed, satisfied) and less negative outcomes (e.g., regret, guilt).”

• cites Smith (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Van Egmond et al. (2020) found no evidence that resource scarcity, including deprivation of food and clean water, moderates the relation between psychological need satisfaction and self-esteem among Malawian adolescent girls, suggesting that psychological need satisfaction contributes to self-esteem even among adolescents growing up in very poor circumstances.

“Van Egmond et al. (2020) examined whether resource scarcity, including the deprivation of food and clean water on a daily basis, may attenuate the beneficial role of Malawian adolescent girls' psychological need satisfaction.No evidence for moderation was found, suggesting that psychological need satisfaction contributes to self-esteem, even among adolescents growing up in very poor circumstances.”

• cites Van Egmond et al. (2020) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The experimental induction of prospective economic threat, relative to a no-threat condition, was sufficient to undermine participants' needs for autonomy and competence, which explained their decreased well-being.

“Congruent with this reasoning, the experimental induction of prospective economic threat, relative to a nothreat condition, was sufficient to undermine participants' needs for autonomy and competence, which explained their decreased well-being (Dupuis and Newby-Clark 2016).”

• cites Dupuis and Newby-Clark 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

On days that one's needs get frustrated, binge eating is more tempting because it may compensate for the negative affect associated with need frustration, and need frustration has a direct energy-depleting effect, which helps explain break-downs in self-control on such days.

“Presumably, on days that one's needs get frustrated, binge eating is more tempting because it may compensate for the negative affect associated with need frustration.Also, need frustration has a direct energydepleting effect, which helps to explain break-downs in selfcontrol on such days.”

May combine two claims.

Several studies have reported that need satisfaction is predictive of healthier eating patterns, whereas need frustration predicts unhealthy and disrupted eating.

“In terms of individuals' physiological need for food, several studies have now reported that need satisfaction is predictive of healthier eating patterns, whereas need frustration predicts unhealthy and disrupted eating (e.g.Pelletier and Dion 2007).”

• cites Pelletier and Dion 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The setting of expectations, the monitoring of whereabouts, and the provision of feedback can be done in more autonomy-supportive or controlling ways.

“Rather, the setting of expectations (Vansteenkiste et al. 2012), the monitoring of whereabouts (Rodriguez-Meirinhos et al. 2019), and the provision of feedback (Carpentier and Mageau 2013) can be done in more autonomy-supportive or controlling ways”

• cites Vansteenkiste et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rodriguez-Meirinhos et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Carpentier and Mageau 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Need frustration is associated with higher stress, which in turn predicts dysfunctional pre-sleep cognitions that interfere with sleep patterns.

“Potentially explaining these dynamics, need frustration was associated with higher stress which, in turn, predicts dysfunctional pre-sleep cognitions that interfere with sleep patterns (Campbell et al. 2017(Campbell et al. , 2018b)).”

• cites Campbell et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Campbell et al. 2018b sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Tavernier et al. (2019) reported that, after controlling for multiple covariates, need fulfillment among university students predicted improved sleep quality and an increase in sleep duration during the weekend (but not over the week) over one semester, while sleep patterns did not reciprocally feed back into need satisfaction.

“Performing cross-lagged analyses, Tavernier et al. (2019) reported that, after controlling for multiple covariates (i.e., personality, chronotype, sleep medication, self-esteem, social desirability), need fulfillment among university students predicted improved sleep quality and an increase in sleep duration during the weekend (but not over the week) over one semester, while sleep patterns did not”

• cites Tavernier et al. (2019) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In sport athletes, both training-to-training and game-to-game variation in experienced need-supportiveness are predictive of athletes' self-confidence, autonomous sport motivation and their pro-and anti-social play.

“For instance, in sport athletes, both training-to-training (Carpentier and Mageau 2016) and game-to-game (Delrue et al. 2017) variation in experienced need-supportiveness are predictive of athletes' self-confidence, autonomous sport motivation and their pro-and anti-social play.”

• cites Carpentier and Mageau 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Delrue et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Campbell et al. (2018c) reported on a controlled sleep deprivation experiment in which participants were deprived of sleep for three consecutive nights; although reduced sleep had an immediate energy-depleting effect after the first night, it took three nights before need satisfaction was eroded, with a reduction in morning energy and an impaired mindful approach during the day accounting forthese

“Campbell et al. (2018c) reported on a controlled sleep deprivation experiment in which participants were deprived of sleep for three consecutive nights (i.e., 5 h per night).Although reduced sleep had an immediate energy-depleting effect after the first night, it took three nights before need satisfaction was eroded, with a reduction in morning energy and an impaired mindful approach during the”

• cites Campbell et al. (2018c) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The notion that all human beings would share a similar set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is critical for well-being, flourishing, and psychological growth initially elicited quite some debate.

“The notion that all human beings would share a similar set of basic psychological needs, the satisfaction of which is critical for well-being, flourishing, and psychological growth initially elicited quite some debate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The discussion centered especially on the need for autonomy, the most disputed need.

“The discussion centered especially on the need for autonomy, the most disputed need.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Autonomy was conceived by many scholars as an attribute that should come only in moderate doses or that would be beneficial only to specific groups of individuals, such as those growing up in individualistic cultures, adolescents who increasingly strive for more self-reliance, and highly educated employees who are socialized in taking initiative and expressing their voice.

“Specifically, autonomy was conceived as an attribute that should come only in moderate doses or that would be beneficial only to specific groups of individuals, such as those growing up in individualistic cultures (Markus and Kitayama 2003), adolescents who increasingly strive for more self-reliance (Zimmer-Gembeck and Collins 2003), and highly educated employees who are socialized in taking init”

• cites Markus and Kitayama 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zimmer-Gembeck and Collins 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Snibbe and Markus 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

BPNT's universality claim especially holds with respect to the output-side of the model: any person, regardless of sociodemographic or psychological characteristics, should benefit, in one way or another, from need satisfaction and suffer from need frustration, if subjectively experienced.

“Second, BPNT's universality claim especially holds with respect to the output-side of the model: any person, regardless of sociodemographic or psychological characteristics, should benefit, in one way or another, from need satisfaction and suffer from need frustration, if subjectively experienced (e.g., Vansteenkiste et al. 2006).”

• cites Vansteenkiste et al. 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Parents' request to monitor homework may be perceived as intrusive and meddlesome by some children, thwarting their need for autonomy, whereas for others it may be experienced as useful and constructive guidance so they can competently complete their homework.

“To illustrate, parents' request to monitor homework may be perceived as intrusive and meddlesome by some children, thwarting their need for autonomy, whereas for others it may be experienced as useful and constructive guidance so they can competently complete their homework (e.g., Moe et al. 2018).”

• cites Moe et al. 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

All studies in the current special issues reporting various benefits in relation to ARC satisfaction and costs in relation to ARC frustration, with participants from Brazil, Israel, Belgium, Peru, Canada, Turkey, Malawi, the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Korea.

“The diversity of countries being sampled in the current special issues is remarkable, with participants coming from Brazil, Israel, Belgium, Peru, Canada, Turkey, Malawi, the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Korea, and with all studies reporting various benefits in relation to ARC satisfaction and costs in relation to ARC frustration (see also Benita et al. 2020).”

• cites Benita et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

In such views the benefits of autonomy depend on one's culture, age, and social class.

“In such views the benefits of autonomy depend on one's culture, age, and social class.”

May combine two claims.