Factors Influencing Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: A U.K. Case Study of Household Waste Management

“It has, for instance, been argued that ‘affect, beliefs, and behaviours are seen as interacting with attitudes rather than being their parts’ (Albarracin, Zanna, Johnson, & Kumkale, 2005, p. 5). Therefore, even though the three-component model remains the traditional view of attitude structure, new theoretical approac…”

“A UK case study conducted in Exeter examined similar WDBs and attitudes finding ~ 68% of respondents buy products with as little packaging as possible (Barr 2007) compared to 5% of Portsmouth respondents who said they avoid pre-packed plastic food products.”

“Questions for SN, PBC, KN, compatibility, PMO, BI and BH (Behavior) were adopted from existing studies on WSAR and environment management and protection (Barr, 2007; Chu and Chiu, 2003).”

“Barr (2007) states that environmental awareness is used interchangeably with concepts such as environmental attitudes.”

“They are variables relate to individuals’ perceptions towards the behaviors in question (Barr, 2007) and they have been widely adopted for human behavior explanation and model construction.”

“This adds to past research, which attempted to complement the TPB using other variables to explain pro-environmental behaviour (e.g. Barr, 2007; Barr & Gilg, 2007; Tang et al., 2011), but overlooked heritage affection.”

“Participants would usually want to show the researcher how ëenvironmentalí they are, and, thus, over-reporting is somewhat an inevitable outcome of self-reporting (Barr, 2007). Over-reporting is becoming more pronounced as environmental discourse is becoming more mainstream. Stern (2000a) considers environmental activ…”

“Similarly, in his research on recycling, Barr [54] reported that the relationship between both behavior and subjective norms is statistically significant.”

“Barr [6] conducted a larger study on waste management and found that waste reduction and reuse can be predicted by people’s underlying environmental values or knowledge, while recycling on the other hand is rather normative.”

“We assume that environmental knowledge and values influence these behaviors (Fig. 2). Drawing on environmental knowledgeattitudes-behavior studies (e.g., Bloom 1956; Meinhold and Malkus 2005; Steele et al. 2006; Barr 2007; Fischer and van der Wal 2007; Persson et al. 2009,), the conceptual model includes both backgrou…”

“For example, pro-environmental values may not always lead to an increase in such activities as recycling (Barr, 2007), buying organic food, or avoiding leaving appliances on standby (Lyndhurst, 2004).”

“…evidence in the psychology literature that environmental attitudes scales can predict at least some types of values and probable behaviors (e.g. Barr, 2007), but these scales have primarily been used to study scenarios in which there is clarity about whether a particular policy or action will…”

“…it may happen that such behavior is not coherent with the prevailing social norms (and hence not practiced), whereas such behavior may be important due to the fact that the consequences of not acting in an environmentally conscious way would deteriorate the environment quality (Barr 2007).”

“1995; Osbaldiston 2004), proposed models (Sivek and Hungerford 1989/1990; Hungerford and Volk 1990) and other qualitative and quantitative research, points to four different categories of factors affecting behaviour (Barr 2007; Hsu 1997).”

“Kerbside recycling collection has shown the most significant influence on behaviour [28,29], although it may require access to additional bins [30] and ample storage space [26].”

“Baar (2007) argued that social and environmental baseline may be used to test environmental values.”

“However, only a few studies have investigated this interactive effect in the specific context of recycling (Barr, 2007; Boldero, 1995; Corral-Verdugo, 2003; Huffman et al., 2014; Schultz et al., 1995).”

“However, an index captures the multidimensionality of the attitudinal construct and can improve the ability to predict behaviour including the inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour [32].”

“For example, it has been shown that individuals tend to overreport their pro-environmental behaviors to cater to social norms as a result of social desirability bias (Barr, 2007; Kormos and Gifford, 2014).”

“mental attitudes and environmental behaviours, such as recycling, waste management and energy reduction (Barr 2007; Sawang & Kivits 2014; Vining & Ebreo 1992).”

“Niaura (2013), Ajzeen, Czasch, and Flood (2009), Barr (2007),”

“For instance, Barr [40] considers age, gender, education level and house type when analysing environmental attitudes and behaviours.”

“304Cf. Barr (2007), p.470.”

“Castronova [52] and Robinson and Read [25] consider that role models are conducive to promoting interactional emulation and learning potential; that is, a herd mentality can lead to generation of recycling behavior.”

“For example, environmental values can predict the behavioral intention of recycling [52] or willingness to select a green hotel [29].”

“For example, choosing to publicly recycle one’s waste may be a socially sensitive act that could be explored (Barr, 2007), or even observing how an individual’s uncontrolled eye movements relates to carbon-labels on commercial products (Hafner, Walker, Verplanken & Skippon, in prepB).”

“1 Environmental Attitude Participation in WB [15] [16]”

“While many theoretical frameworks have been developed in the environmental psychology literature (Barr, 2007; Cottrell, 2003; Steg & Vlek, 2009), few of these appear effective in the freechoice learning environments associated with tourism and its interpretation.”

“A strong contextual spillover may generate a snowball effect if the spillover is continuous (Barr, 2007).”

“…of others in his or her social group, that is, with social norms (e.g., Oskamp et al. 1991; Dahlstrand and Biel 1997; Corral-Verdugoet al. 2002; Barr 2007; Nolan et al. 2008; Hage, Söderholm, and Berglund 2009).1 Despite providing insights into the relationship between the environmental…”

“There is a body of knowledge about how environmental values link attitudes and, indeed, behaviour although the last of these is not a concern of this paper (Stern, 2000; Bamberg & Moser, 2007; Barr, 2007).”

“These situational variables, as described by Barr, include unique circumstances in the behavioral context, individual characteristics, personal knowledge, and past experiences [57].”

“For instance, individuals tend to over-report their engagement in proenvironmental behaviors (Barr, 2007; Tam & Chan, 2018).”

“…studies (e.g., Hines et al., 1987; Barr, 2007; Stancu et al., 2015; Thyberg and Tonjes, 2016) we selected the following sociodemographic control variables: • Gender: There is evidence that women have more pronounced attitudes toward recycling than men (e.g., Barr, 2007; Principato et al., 2015).”

“A majority of the studies conducted on SWM has commonly focused on attitudes, actions, behaviors, and knowledge on its different aspects (Barr, 2007; Byrne and O’Regan, 2014; Pearson et al., 2012; Purcell and Magette, 2010).”

“Recycling behavior has been studied using similar causal models to determine predictors of that specific behavior (Guagnano et al. 1995; Barr 2007).”

“While environmental attitudes and behaviors have been extensively researched (Aoyagi-Usui et al., 2003; Barr, 2007; Corraliza and Berenguer 2000; Dunlap, et al., 2000; Hines et al., 1987), these attributes present additional opportunities for research into how they relate to school energy policy…”

“Although the environmental concern is a well-defined predictor (e.g. Kassarjian,1971; Kinnear and Taylor, 1973; Antil,1984; Zimmer et al. 1994; Roberts, 1996; Laroche, 2001; Hartmann; Barr, 2007 and Apaolaza-Ibanez, 2012) pro-environmental behavior is not an automatic result of environmental concerns, but there is gap…”

“Indeed, while some studies suggest that individuals tend to over-report their PEB as a consequence of social desirability concerns [67–69], and the wish to live more sustainable or to show their green credentials, thus making their answers more about self-image [50,70], others point out that self-reports are valid, co…”

“This observation contradicts prior studies (e.g. Barr, 2007, Hines, Hungerford, & Tomera, 1987; Meen-Chee & Narayanan, 2006; Tekkaya, Kiliç, & Sahin, 2011).”

“…behaviors may be considered multi-dimensional if intentions and motivations for performance vary and if they serve different purposes, such as political behaviors, consumer behaviors, and ecosystem conservation behaviors (e.g. Barr 2007; Dietz, Stern, and Guagnano 1998; Monroe 2003; Stern 2000).”

“Because there is empirical evidence that suggests proenvironmental behaviour is predicted by knowledge and education about the issue in debate ( Barr, 2007; Weaver, 2002) it is important that voters enter the polling booth with adequate knowledge.”

“Similar results were also observed in other research studies on ERB (Barr, 2007; Chu, Shin & Lee, 2006; Eisler, Eisler & Yoshida, 2003).”

“However, other studies report the opposite—pro-environmental values increase product reuse and waste-minimization intentions and behaviors but not recycling (Barr, 2007), or pro-environmental values increase the intention to recycle and conserve water but not to buy organic food or avoid leaving appliances on standby…”

“Indeed, people tend to overestimate their PEB because of social desirability effects [20].”

“1 3 As already done in the literature, we consider in our analysis an overall measure of PEB even though we are aware that EA can impact only a subset of PEB (Barr, 2007; Whitmarsh and O’Neill, 2010).”

“This choice was due to the literature findings about consumers behavior toward food waste (Barr, 2007; Mondejar-Jimenez et al., 2016; Parfitt, Barthel, & Macnaughton, 2010; Vittuari et al., 2020; Williams, Wikstr € om, Otterbring, L € ofgren, & Gustafsson, 2012).”

“1984; Barr 2007; Kormos and Gifford 2014).”

“This phenomenon has been referred to as a “psychological variable” in the literature and can be explained as the individual’s adaptive capacity to defend against only those environmental problems that they perceive as a high-level tangible threat to the environment and well-being of society.(41) Hence, even though peo…”

“There are findings that show a strong relationship between concrete knowledge and behavior (Barr 2007).”

“Para el caso de la intención y disposición conductual se encuentran disponibles instrumentos relevantes para evaluar esta variable (Barr, 2007; de Castro, 2002; Rodríguez, Boyes y Stanisstreet, 2010), así como, escalas que han sido validadas en población mexicana (Palacios, 2010; Palacios y Bustos,…”

“Some previous studies have sought to identify the factors that influence recycling behaviour by applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to the problem (Barr, 2007; Park & Ha, 2012; Wan et al., 2012; Mtutu & Thondhlana, 2016).”

“Limiting textile waste has become a problem, yet it can only be fully addressed when there is a clear understanding of factors motivating actionable behaviors to extend garment life [10].”

“In addition, research conducted by Barr (2007) and literature studies by Li et al. (2019) revealed that situational factors consisting of circumstances, sociodemographic, facilities, experiences, and”

“While various studies assessing information intervention on waste separation behavior have been conducted, its overall effectiveness remains undefined (Barr, 2007; Minelgaite and Liobikiene, 2019; Knickmeyer, 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2021; Matiiuk and Liobikiene, 2021; Wang C. et al., 2021; Wang Y. et al.,…”

“…indicators of 134 consumption, such as income (Johnstone and Labonne 2004, Bandara et al., 2007, Aparcana 2017), 135 household size (Dennison et al., 1996, Triguero et al., 2016), and education (Barr 2007, Benítez et al., 136 2008, Han et al., 2018) affected waste generation has been illustrated.”