The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Discrimination and stigmatization in work organizations: A multiple level framework for research on genetic testing
Abstract
In this article, we examine how genetic testing may be the basis of a new form of exclusion in organizations. Testing reveals the genetic composition of an individual and can identify genetically linked conditions. Discrimination, related to genetic composition, may occur through either the stigmatization or categorization of individuals or groups based on genetic test results. The potential impact of genetic testing and the associated discriminatory processes on both employees and organizations is outlined. This research discusses individual (stigmatization, perceived discrimination, and symptom timing and visibility), organizational (actual discrimination, genetic testing use and accommodation) and environmental (regulatory agencies, genetic testing laboratories, insurance providers and genetic advocacy groups) factors that impact genetic testing. Lastly, we propose research questions linked to these factors to guide future organizational study.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In some cases, people may choose to conceal their disabilities because they fear negative repercussions on their careers should they disclose them”
From The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Barclay & Markel, 2007
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 67
- Alrc, 2004, Essentially yours: The protection of human genetic information in Australia, 2003
- Asch, A. Genetics and employment : More disability discrimination. In T.H. Murray , M.A. Rothstein & R.F. Murray, Jr (Eds), The human genome project and the future of health care. Bloomington: Indiana University Press , 1996, pp. 158—72.
- 10.1177/0149206305277800 · DOI
- Barrett, A., 2005, Business Week Online
- Begley, S., 2004, Wall Street Journal, B1
- Billings, P.R., 1992, American Journal of Human Genetics, 50, 476
- Board of Directors of Council for Responsible Genetics., 2007, The genetic bill of rights, 2000
- 10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.9 · DOI
- 10.1177/1090198105278825 · DOI
- Brock, D.W. The human genome project and human identity. In R.F. Weir , S.C. Lawrence & E. Fales (Eds), Genes and human self-knowledge: Historical and philosophical reflections on modern genetic. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press , 1994, pp. 18—33.
- 10.1136/bmj.329.7472.940-c · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.329.7457.70-a · DOI
- Butchvarov, P. Some concerns about self-knowledge and the human genome project. In R .F. Weir , S.C. Lawrence & E. Fales (Eds), Genes and human self-knowledge: Historical and philosophical reflections on modern genetic. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press , 1994, pp. 46—8.
- Cates, D.F. Commentary on genetic knowledge and self-understanding. In R.F. Weir , S.C. Lawrence & E. Fales (Eds), Genes and human self-knowledge: Historical and philosophical reflections on modern genetic. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press , 1994, pp. 59—62.
- 10.1006/jesp.1998.1369 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.52 · DOI
- 10.1080/01947648309513382 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.121 · DOI
- Flynn, G., 2000, Workforce, 79, 108
- 10.1007/BF00870550 · DOI
- Goffman, E. Stigma, 1963, Notes on the management of spoiled identity
- 10.1017/S0098858800007942 · DOI
- Harmon, A., 2005, The New York Times, 1
- 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1808 · DOI
- Hessler, U., 2005, Ethics council warns again gene testing
- 10.1093/clinchem/45.5.732 · DOI
- 10.2190/U1MJ-Y6YR-D01R-1UQ4 · DOI
- 2003, Human Genome Project Information
- International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers., 2007, Genetic Testing in the Workplace
- Jones, E.E., 1984, Social stigma, the psychology of marked relationships
- Jones, N.L., CRS Report for Congress
- 10.2105/AJPH.68.11.1116 · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 · DOI · Paper page
- Lublin, J., 2004, Wall Street Journal, B1
- Lueck, S., 2005, Wall Street Journal, D1
- 10.1023/A:1013807410879 · DOI
- Markel, K.S., 2007, Genetic commerce: The challenges for human resource management
- Markel, K.S., 2007, Management, 7, 326
- McNally, E., 2004, 25 recommendations on the ethical, legal and social implications of genetic testing
- 10.1002/hrm.1006 · DOI
- 10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.152 · DOI
- 10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1023/A:1010735025079 · DOI
- National Human Genome Research Institute., 2005, An overview of the human genome project
- National Institutes of Health., 2005, International HapMap consortium expands mapping effort
- Natowicz, M.R., 1992, American Journal of Human Genetics, 50, 465
- Nelkin, D., 1995, The DNA mystique, the gene as a cultural icon
- Nelkin, D., 1994, Dangerous diagnostics: The social power of biological information
- Nicholson, C.L., 2000, Genetic testing and the life insurance industry
- Norris, K. His ultimatum: Quit smoking or lose job. Detroit Free Press , 15 February 2005, p. 1.
- Nowlan, W., 2000, National Underwriter, 104, 19
- Peters, D.A., 1998, Ethics, 205
- Pokorski, R.J., 1997, American Journal of Human Genetics, 60, 205
- 10.1080/19485565.1978.9988315 · DOI
- Reynolds, L., 1997, HR Focus
- 10.2307/2392246 · DOI
- Staley, K., 2003, Genetic testing in the workplace
- Steinberg, K.K., 2000, Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, 55, 241
- Stone, D.A. The implications of the human genome project for access to health insurance . In T.H. Murray , M.A. Rothstein & R.F. Murray, Jr (Eds), The human genome project and the future of health care. Bloomington: Indiana University Press , 1996, pp. 133—57.
- 10.5465/amr.1996.9605060216 · DOI · Paper page
- Suzuki, D., 1989, Genethics, the clash between the new genetics and human values
- The Association of British Insurers., 2007, Insurance and genetic tests: What you need to know
- Trades Union Congress., 2003, Online newsletter
- Trice, H.M., 1993, The cultures of work organizations
- United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment., 1983, The role of genetic testing in the prevention of occupational diseases
- Wertz, D.C., 1989, Public Health Reports, 104, 35
- 10.1108/eb010562 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C. E., Gellatly, I. R., Jetha, A., & Martin Ginis, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9602-5 · Cited by 491
Metadata
- Authors
- Barclay, L. A., & Markel, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Oakland University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barclay, Lizabeth A.
- Markel, Karen S.
- ORCID
- Barclay, Lizabeth A.
- Venue
- Human Relations
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 953-980
- ISSN
- 0018-7267 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-282X
- OpenAlex
- W2110367870
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Relations (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- National Human Genome Research Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Medical and Health Sciences Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Education › Disability Education and Employment
- Keywords
- genetic testing, genetic discrimination, stigmatization, work organization, categorization, perceived discrimination, genetic accommodation, genetic testing regulation, insurance discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Discrimination and stigmatization in work organizations: A multiple level framework for research on genetic testing. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0018726707080082
- The paper
- Barclay, L. A., & Markel, K. S. (2007). Discrimination and stigmatization in work organizations: A multiple level framework for research on genetic testing. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726707080082