The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fear and psychopathology during the COVID-19 crisis: neuroticism, hypochondriasis, reassurance-seeking, and coronaphobia as fear factors.
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated a rise in psychological distress worldwide. Although fear appears to be a major contributing factor, there has been no systematic research to determine which specific facets of fear predict psychopathology during the coronavirus crisis. The present study is the first to examine which fear factors uniquely predict clinical levels of depressive symptoms and generalized anxiety. Data were collected from 256 adults in the United States recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) during the coronavirus pandemic. The results from logistic regression analyses demonstrated that neuroticism, coronaphobia, and hypochondriasis were fear factors that predicted pandemic-related psychopathology in adults. These findings suggest that mental health professionals should screen individuals for this set of fear factors when choosing appropriate assessments and interventions for treating people who are suffering during the crisis.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Research from recent pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, shows that negative emotionality, intolerance of uncertainty, and proneness to health anxiety are correlated with pandemic-related distress (Taylor, 2019; Lee and Crunk, 2020; Rettie and Daniels, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020a).”
From Predicting the Severity of Symptoms of the COVID Stress Syndrome From Personality Traits: A Prospective Network Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Lee and Crunk, 2020
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 · Cited by 4,332
An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70864-3 · Cited by 4,261
Inside the Turk: Understanding Mechanical Turk as a Participant Pool
Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414531598 · Cited by 2,136
Public health significance of neuroticism
Lahey, B. B. (2009) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0015309 · Cited by 1,901 · cited 2×
“We expected neuroticism to predict depression and generalized anxiety because it is not only a wellknown and robust predictor of psychopathology and health complaints (Lahey, 2009), but it has also been linked specifically to psychological distress during previous pandemics (Taylor, 2019).”
BackgroundMazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165 · Cited by 1,899
Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety
Lee, S. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481 · Cited by 1,649
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Kroenke K., 2009, Psychosomatics, 50, 613
- Lee S. A., 2020, Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 33
- Ohman A., 2000, Handbook of emotions, 573
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–134 of 134
Mental Health Status Of A Population During COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Haque, M. R., Islam, T., Milton, A. H., & Abir, T. (2023) · Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin · doi:10.3329/bmrcb.v48i3.63811 · Cited by 2
Qiu, T. H., Zhang, G., Zhou, F., & Jiang, H. X. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05396-1 · Cited by 1
Rashid, N., Shahid, A., Munir, M., Khan, M. U., & Ramzan, Z. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.54393/pjhs.v4i12.1173 · Cited by 1
Factors Related to Hypochondria Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pregnant Women
Sarlak, Z., Dadkhahtehrani, T., & Heidari, Z. (2025) · Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences · doi:10.5812/jnms-160104 · Cited by 1
Review on Anxiety Disorders During Covid-19 Pandemic:
Gilla, D., Ahammed, J., Akhila, A. L., & Sreelakshmy, S. R. (2021) · International Journal of High Dilution Research · doi:10.51910/ijhdr.v20i2-3.1066 · Cited by 1
Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2022) · Clinical Medicine Insights: Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/11795573211069912
Self-citationBakri, M. A. A., & El‐Setouhy, M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525026 · Cited by 1
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C. T., Drawve, G. R., & Tidwell, C. (2022) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v10i10.3154 · Cited by 1
Valores emancipatorios, personalidade e a pandemia de covid-19
Ribeiro, E. A., Borba, J., & Okado, L. T. A. (2021) · Revista USP · doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9036.i131p13-32
Pay Attention to Those Who Are Not Epidemiologically Affected by COVID-19 Pandemic
Dahiya, R., & Raghuvanshi, J. (2022) · IEEE Engineering Management Review · doi:10.1109/emr.2022.3163159
Mathew, K., Mohideen, F. S., & Honest, P. C. R. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525025
Nur, M. A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525040
Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking among Male Students of Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Khormi, M. A., Sabai, A. I., Maashi, A. Y., Khormi, M. A., Hadadi, A., Maashi, A. M., Mojiri, M. E., Zalah, A. A., Shok, M. A., & Shawsh, A. M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525037
Children’s vision health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Timorkhan, M. A., & Ibraheem, M. Y. T. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525024
Barriers Facing Primary Health Care Physicians in Jazan when Dealing with Emergency Cases
Holal, S. A. A., & Abdelwahid, H. A. E. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525028 · Cited by 1
Concern about COVID-19 among the Spanish population: Validation of a scale and associated symptoms
Penado, M., Serrano‐Ibáñez, E. R., Vázquez, T. C., Morales, M. D.-P., & López-Flores, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.018
Acute chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell diseases
Helvacı, M. R., Altıntaşž, E., Yalçın, A., Muftuoglu, O. E., Abyad, A., & Pocock, L. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525023
What it costs to access skilled birth attendance in Pakistan
Khan, N., Khan, M. A., Khan, S. E., Khan, M. A., & Warraitch, A. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525027
Elnahas, H. G., Khafagy, G. M., el-Sattar, E. M. A., & Elsayed, R. M. (2022) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2022.9525039
Coşkun, H., & AKMAN, G. (2022) · Kesit Akademi · doi:10.29228/kesit.57341
ODNOS NEKIH ODREDNICA SUBJEKTIVNE DOBROBITI S BRIGOM ZBOG NOVOG VALA COVID19 PANDEMIJE
Kopilaš, V. (2022) · Zdravstveni glasnik · doi:10.47960/2303-8616.2022.15.24
Fear of the black fungus: Mucormycosis hypochondria
Kaur, A., Kailash, S. Z., Sureshkumar, K., & Kulkarni, K. R. (2023) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_21_22
Illness anxiety: The missing point of the COVID-19 pandemic
Mousavi, Z. B., Amiri, P., Shahsavarinia, K., & Soleimanpour, H. (2023) · Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.34172/jrcm.2023.33340
Bartoszek, G., Winer, E. S., Luo, F. Y., Gorman, J. M., & Mohlman, J. (2024) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-024-01325-w
Hoang, V. H., & Bui, H. N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7301-9_15
Anxiety Disorder in Jordan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Mari'e, L. O., Aboghazleh, R., Al‐Shatanawi, T. N., Hiasat, D., Damseh, M., Almomani, M., Abuanzah, W., Mugdadi, D., Abualnil, A., Kanaan, A., et al. (2024) · Jordan Medical Journal · doi:10.35516/jmj.v58i3.709
Impediments of COVID-19 pandemic and entrepreneurship development in an emerging economy’s SMEs
Abdelwahed, N. A. A., & Soomro, B. A. (2024) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-06-2022-0063
Mental health and COVID-19: The moderating role of neuroticism and conscientiousness
Iacob, C. I., Armaș, I., Ionescu, D., & Avram, E. (2025) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2024.101050
Şentürk, S., Keskin, A. Y., & Sarızayim, Ş. (2025) · Turkish Journal of Health Science and Life · doi:10.56150/tjhsl.1808153
Yiğitol, B., & BÜYÜKMUMCU, S. B. (2021) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Bakola, M., Kitsou, K. S., Angelidou, V., Giannakopoulos, A., Drakopoulou, M., Argyropoulos, K., Petropoulos, C., Charalambous, G., Gourzis, P., & Jelastopulu, E. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7030112
COVID-19 testing and mental health service utilization in Ontario: a population-based cohort study
Saqib, K., Goel, V., Dubin, J. A., VanderDoes, J., & Butt, Z. A. (2026) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2026.1609134
Fotokian, Z., Afshar, M. T., Zabihi, A., Lajmiri, S., & Pourhabib, A. (2026) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_155_25
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, S. A., & Crunk, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Christopher Newport University (US)
- Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sherman A.
- ORCID
- Lee, Sherman A.
- Venue
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-08-06
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 483-496
- ISSN
- 0030-2228 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-3764
- OpenAlex
- W3048293963
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 11.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, fear, psychopathology, neuroticism, health anxiety, reassurance seeking, fear of COVID-19, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety disorder, mental health screening, personality traits
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Hypochondriasis, United States, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review