“The forest is burning, call the police!” challenges to governing the security-development-environment nexus in the Amazon Basin
Abstract
Across the Amazon Basin, deforestation and violence are out of control. This paper unpacks the unfolding law-enforcement and illegality crisis in the Brazilian Amazon through the lenses of a security-development-environment nexus. The paper analyzes twenty years (2003-2023) of policy and political responses by the Brazilian federal government to the Amazon problem, highlighting the challenges to build and sustain governance arrangements to deal with the nexus, including tensions and unease related to the security dimension of the crisis, lack of policy coherence regarding sustainable development, the challenges of political alternance, and unresolved civil-military relations dilemmas. O desmatamento e a violência estão fora de controle na Bacia Amazônica. Este artigo analisa a crise de ilegalidade e cumprimento da lei na Amazônia brasileira sob a ótica do nexo entre segurança, desenvolvimento e meio ambiente. O artigo analisa vinte anos (2003-2023) de respostas e políticas do governo federal brasileiro à Questão Amazônica, destacando os desafios para construir e sustentar arranjos de governança para lidar com este nexo. Com destaque para as tensões e ambivalências relacionadas à dimensão securitária da crise, a falta de coerência política na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, os desafios de alternância política e os dilemas, todavia presentes, na relação civil-militar na gestão da região.
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Environmental violations in the Brazilian Amazon are increasingly linked to transnational criminal networks.
“Meanwhile, recent years have seen ever more violence perpetrated by gangs and private militias as the Brazilian Amazon becomes a growing hub for cocaine refining and distribution (Intersecção, 2025), with environmental violations increasingly linked to transnational criminal networks (Souza et al., 2022;Waisbich, 2025).”
From Beyond the “supply chain” framing: Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator of deforestation and dispossession in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon (2026) · cites this paper as Waisbich, 2025
Environmental crimes and land-grabbing in the Amazon have been increasingly combined with more conventional forms of organized crime, such as drug trafficking and illegal resource extraction, which rely on cattle to launder illicit money.
“These in turn have been increasingly combined with more conventional forms of organized crime, such as drug trafficking and illegal resource extraction (e.g., logging or gold mining), which rely on cattle to launder illicit money (Waisbich, 2025; see also Van Uhm and Nijman, 2022).”
From Beyond the “supply chain” framing: Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator of deforestation and dispossession in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon (2026) · cites this paper as Waisbich, 2025
Cites
Henders, S., Persson, U. M., & Kastner, T. (2015) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125012 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
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Bastos Lima, M. G., & López, J. (2026) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107532
- Authors
- Trajber Waisbich, L.
- Venue
- Latin American Perspectives
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2025-08-15
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 184-202
- ISSN
- 0094-582X (ISSN-L)
- 1552-678X
- OpenAlex
- W4413302361
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2025-09-24)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Latin American Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Extractivism and Socioeconomic Issues
- Keywords
- Amazon deforestation, illegality, sustainable development, political alternance, civil-military relations
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