Beyond the “supply chain” framing: Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator of deforestation and dispossession in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Key informants are valuable because they are culturally competent and strategically positioned sources of knowledge, providing situated knowledge on underlying dynamics of land-use change often not captured in previous studies.

“Key informants are valuable not because they are”

• Also stated in: § 3. Case studies and research methods · plain

  “They, therefore, can provide situated knowledge on underlying dynamics of land-use change often not captured in previous studies (see Lokot, 2021).”

• cites Bernard, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lokot, 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Feminist Research Methods section describes key informants as sources of insider and contextual knowledge, and the Whither the Key Informant Interview? section says their interviews can provide insight into complex issues. The paper does not establish that key informants are culturally competent or discuss land-use change or gaps in previous land-use studies. It also cautions that their knowledge is shaped by power and privilege. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The understanding of land-use and agricultural activities as supply chains takes consumer regions' vantage point, with social or environmental issues potentially regarded merely as undue contamination to be managed away.

“Indeed, the understanding of land-use and agricultural activities as supply chains takes consumer regions' vantage point, with social or environmental issues (potentially) being regarded merely as undue”

• cites Bager et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The sections on EU demand and supply-chain interventions frame deforestation policy around consumer demand and supply chains. ‘Resolving the feasibility-impact dilemma’ also warns that marginalized groups may be sidelined and that risks may shift to less scrupulous buyers. But the paper does not characterize social or environmental issues as ‘undue contamination’ to be managed away. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The supply chain framing is the common or dominant way of understanding cattle ranching and related land-use issues.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The struggle in attempts to include peasants or traditional farmers as suppliers in formal arrangements such as contract farming schemes is well-documented in the literature.

“The struggle in attempts to include peasants or traditional farmers as suppliers in formal arrangements such as contract farming schemes is well-documented in the literature (Van Dexter and Visseren-Hamakers, 2020;Arias-Gaviria et al., 2021;Bastos Lima, 2021).”

• cites Van Dexter and Visseren-Hamakers, 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Arias-Gaviria et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bastos Lima, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Exponential growth over 40-60 years interiorized Brazil's cattle ranching, spearheading frontierization and deforestation.

“That follows exponential growth that over the course of 40-60 years”

• cites Vale et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes cattle production moving into the Amazon from the late 1960s and calls beef-industry expansion a main driver of deforestation. The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) document the industry’s northward movement over decades, but describe that movement as almost linear; the copy does not establish exponential growth or explicitly say ranching spearheaded frontierization. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Nearly half of Brazil's cattle currently is reared in the Amazon-over 100 million individuals from a total of 234 million, a fraction larger than the entire US herd.

“Nearly half of Brazil's cattle currently is reared in the Amazonover 100 million individuals from a total of 234 million, a fraction that alone is larger than the entire US herd (Brandão et al., 2023;IBGE, 2025).”

• cites Brandão et al., 2023 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction reports 93 million cattle in the Brazilian Amazon in 2020, a herd it says matched—not exceeded—the entire US herd. It does not give an Amazon herd of over 100 million or a Brazilian total of 234 million. The 233 million heads in §2.2 are cattle movements recorded across 2013–2018, not a national herd count. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites IBGE, 2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The expansion of cattle ranching in Brazil and Colombia has disenfranchised traditional communities and smallholder farmers to the benefit of agro-industrial complexes as well as local mafias or organized crime that draw power in part from land grabbing and illegal resource extraction.

“It has disenfranchised traditional communities and smallholder farmers to the benefit of agro-industrial complexes as well as of local mafias or organized crime that draw their power in part from land grabbing and illegal resource extraction (Krause et al., 2022;Kröger, 2024).”

• cites Krause et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Socio-political section (page unavailable) describes cattle ranching as a way for landowners, agribusiness and narco-traffickers to secure land in Colombia. The Ecological section (page unavailable) says small farmers were displaced through conflicts with large landowners and cattle ranchers, and links land consolidation to narco-trafficking groups. These passages support the Colombian part of the claim, but do not establish the same pattern in Brazil. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Kröger, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Greater environmental risks await once 20-25% of the Amazonian vegetation cover is lost.

“as the tipping point literature warns that greater environmental risks await once 20-25% of the Amazonian vegetation cover is lost (Lovejoy and Nobre, 2018).”

• cites Lovejoy and Nobre, 2018 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A diminishing vegetation cover may fail to produce sufficient rain for the Amazon's own sustenance, with devastating local, regional, and global climate impacts.

“A diminishing vegetation cover may fail to produce sufficient rain for the Amazon's own sustenance, with devastating local, regional, and global climate impacts (Lovejoy and Nobre, 2018).”

• cites Lovejoy and Nobre, 2018 sourcePartly supported

  In “Amazon Tipping Point” (page not specified), the paper says deforestation could degrade the rainfall cycle until it cannot support rainforest ecosystems. It also describes rainfall effects within the Amazon and in adjacent South America. Our copy does not describe global climate impacts as a consequence of that rainfall loss. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Land-use change for cattle ranching is the world's most significant direct driver of forest loss, accounting for half of all tropical deforestation, much of that in Latin America.

“Land-use change for cattle ranching is by far the world's most significant direct driver of forest loss, accounting for half of all tropical deforestation, much of that in Latin America (Pendrill et al., 2022).”

• cites Pendrill et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s ‘Attributing deforestation to commodities and consumers’ section calls cattle pasture expansion the leading deforestation driver and places most pasture-related deforestation in South America, particularly Brazil. But its estimate of around half refers to deforestation resulting in agricultural production, not all tropical deforestation. The ‘S6d Uncertainties’ section also cautions that forest converted to pasture is not always cleared because of demand for cattle products. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

From an ecological standpoint, the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon represent two fronts and frontiers where the Amazon is being shrunk and risks crossing a tipping point.

“From an ecological standpoint, they represent two frontsand frontierswhere the Amazon is being shrunk and risks crossing a tipping point (Flores et al., 2024).”

• cites Flores et al., 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The Disturbance regimes section identifies deforestation frontiers and areas near Colombia with high potential for ecosystem transition. The Implications for governance section reports accelerated deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, and the Abstract discusses tipping-point risk. The paper does not identify the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon as two specific fronts where the forest is shrinking. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The Brazilian Amazon frontier becomes fully integrated into the formal market economy as well as in a globalized and increasingly consolidated agri-food system, where a few traders dominate.

“It becomes fully integrated into the formal market economy as well as in a globalized and increasingly consolidated agri-food system, where a few traders dominate (Graesser et al., 2015;Reis et al., 2024).”

• cites Graesser et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.2, “Drivers of agricultural change” (page not provided), describes export-oriented agriculture, global economic influences, and supply chains in the Brazilian Amazon. It does not say the frontier is fully integrated into the formal market economy or that a few traders dominate a consolidated agri-food system. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Reis et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Local communities that pre-date frontierization and land reform settlers often lease-legally or illegally-and eventually sell their plots to so-called 'land aggregators,' which use cattle as a way to keep it going before they too can trade the land with a profit.

“That typically happens both to local communities that pre-date frontierization as to land reform settlers, who often leaselegally or illegallyand eventually sell their plots to so-called”

• cites Pereira et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Russo Lopes and Bastos Lima, 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Grass varieties such as Guinea, Pará and Yaraguá were adopted but eventually replaced by 'improved' Brachiaria spp. pastures, which have led to increased milk and beef yields.

“Grass varieties such as Guinea, Pará and Yaraguá were adopted but eventually replaced by”

• cites Campuzano et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions (p. 100) describe the introduction of Guinea, Pará and Yaraguá between 1850 and 1950, followed by Brachiaria species after the 1970s. The section on pasture adoption says Brachiaria improved milk and beef production. The paper does not establish that Brachiaria replaced those earlier grasses. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

If they do not leave, their children do, slowing the process by just one generation or two.

“If they do not leave, their children do, slowing the process by just one generation or two (Côrtes and Silva Junior, 2021).”

• cites Côrtes and Silva Junior, 2021 sourceCould not verify

  The systematic literature review (page unavailable) discusses household life cycles and rural-to-urban migration, but does not say that children leave when their parents stay or that this delays the process by one or two generations. Searches for children’s migration and generational timing found no passage establishing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Studies show that ranching expands unimpeded even into protected areas, not unlike in Brazil.

“Studies show that ranching expands unimpeded even into protected areas (López et al., 2024;Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023b), not unlike in Brazil.”

• cites López et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023b sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The state is part of the dynamics of cattle ranching expansion in the Amazon, both through its absence and neglect leaving the Amazon as a non-state frontier space, and through public institutions that actively support cattle ranching expansion.

“The state is part and parcel of such dynamics, on the one hand for its absence and neglect, leaving the Amazon essentially as a non-state frontier space (see Bastos Lima and Kmoch, 2021), and on the other for the public institutions that actively support cattle ranching expansion.”

• cites Bastos Lima and Kmoch, 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.1.3 describes government neglect of local people in Matopiba and says the region had long lacked services, supporting the cited point that state neglect shapes a frontier. But the paper studies soy expansion in the Cerrado, not cattle-ranching expansion in the Amazon, and it does not characterize the Amazon as a non-state space. The sentence’s separate claim about institutions supporting cattle ranching is not attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

It employs many men as rural workers, but the land becomes increasingly controlled by a few largeholders, absent elites that often hire paramilitary gunmen to secure their properties.

“It employs many men as rural workers, but the land becomes increasingly controlled by a few largeholders, absent elites that often hire paramilitary gunmen to secure their properties (Triana Ángel et al, 2024).”

• cites Triana Ángel et al., 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) describes land accumulation and dispossession by paramilitary groups, support for them from some large landowners, and their purported protection of private property. It does not establish that cattle ranching employs many men as rural workers, that those landowners were absent, or that they often hired paramilitary gunmen to secure their properties. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Law enforcement in conservation areas is scant, and smallholders that embrace cattle openly ranch inside nature reserves and even Indigenous territories.

“Meanwhile, law enforcement in conservation areas is scant, and the smallholders that embrace cattle openly ranch inside nature reserves and even Indigenous territories (Coelho-Junior et al., 2022;Candino et al., 2024).”

• cites Coelho-Junior et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3 reports that only 1.3% of Brazilian Amazon deforestation alerts matched federal infraction notices or embargoes, supporting the point that enforcement is scant. It does not establish that enforcement is specifically scant in conservation areas or that cattle-raising smallholders ranch inside nature reserves or Indigenous territories. The cited passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Candino et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The goal over the years has also been to curb illicit coca planting in the northern Amazon region and replace it with cattle ranching.

“Crucially, the goal over the years has also been to curb illicit coca planting in the northern Amazon region (e.g.Putumayo and Caquetá) and replace it with cattle ranching (Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022;Triana Ángel et al, 2024).”

• cites Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Study area section identifies Putumayo and Caquetá and says illicit coca farming and cattle ranching are activities in the region. The Conclusions discuss efforts to curb coca cultivation, but neither section says the goal was to replace coca planting with cattle ranching. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Triana Ángel et al., 2024 sourceCould not verify

  The historical and conceptual framework mentions government glyphosate spraying against illicit crops, but says it harmed rural cattle projects. The Discussion describes illicit crops and cattle ranching as separate activities in agricultural colonization. Neither passage says there was a goal to replace coca cultivation with cattle ranching in Putumayo, Caquetá, or the northern Amazon; searches for those terms and crop substitution found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The Brazilian Amazon has over 50 Mha of undesignated public lands that are routinely grabbed, frequently using cattle to suggest economic use of the land and claim land rights.

“The Brazilian Amazon has over 50 Mha of undesignated public lands that are routinely grabbed, frequently using cattle to suggest economic use of the land and claim land rights (Azevedo-Ramos et al., 2020;Russo Lopes and Bastos Lima, 2022).”

• cites Azevedo-Ramos et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Russo Lopes and Bastos Lima, 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The 'Institutional and political lock-in' section says that clearing land for agriculture or livestock can demonstrate productive use and help secure Land Reform settlers' possession rights. It does not establish that the Brazilian Amazon has over 50 Mha of undesignated public land or that such land is routinely grabbed using cattle to claim rights; the passage concerns Land Reform settlements, not land grabbing on undesignated public land. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

That has included World Bank-sponsored initiatives such as the Livestock Development Project to increase meat and dairy productivity and diversify the country's agricultural economy from coffee.

“That has included World Bank-sponsored initiatives such as the Livestock Development Project to increase meat and dairy productivity and diversify the country's agricultural economy from coffee (Krause et al., 2022).”

• cites Krause et al., 2022 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Colombia's case is marked by violence-induced displacement due to the guerrillas, their promotion of coca cultivation, and large landholders' hiring of paramilitary groups.

“Colombia's case, however, is marked by violence-induced displacement due to the guerrillas, their promotion of coca cultivation, and large landholders' hiring of paramilitary groups (Potter, 2020).”

• cites Potter, 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1.1 reports violence-induced displacement and says companies invited paramilitaries to take over land; Section 1.2 links guerrilla expansion with coca-growing areas. But the paper does not say guerrillas promoted coca cultivation or that large landholders hired paramilitaries. Its explicit example of mass displacement attributes the violence to paramilitaries, not guerrillas. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Brazil's cattle sector is so spread-out and deeply involved in spearheading Amazonian deforestation that sourcing commitments made by meatpacking industries typically leave out indirect suppliers, who can sell locally or dodge traceability systems through counterfeit documentation-what is sometimes referred to as 'cattle laundering'.

“Furthermore, Brazil's cattle sector is so spread-out and deeply involved in spearheading Amazonian deforestation that sourcing commitments made by meatpacking industries typically leave out indirect suppliers, who can sell locally or dodge traceability systems through counterfeit documentationwhat is sometimes referred to as”

• cites Skidmore et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Zu Ermgassen et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Cammelli et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Coca cultivation and cocaine trafficking did not disappear; instead, they have become dominated by different armed groups sometimes linked to the land and cattle businesses and using these to launder drug profits.

“Coca cultivation and cocaine trafficking did not disappear, though.Instead, they have become dominated by different armed groups sometimes linked to the land and cattle businesses and using these to launder drug profits (Van Dexter and Visseren-Hamakers, 2020).”

• cites Van Dexter and Visseren-Hamakers, 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

There is an environmental issue due to the replacement of native vegetation for exotic grass species increasing the flammability of degraded forests, as well as creating land degradation, biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions.

“As such, there is an environmental issue due to the replacement of native vegetation for exotic grass species increasing the flammability of degraded forests (Cochrane, 2003), as well as creating land degradation, biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions (Jara-Rojas et al., 2020), but there is also a socio-economic transformation advancing with it.”

• cites Cochrane, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jara-Rojas et al., 2020 sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.2 links the establishment of pastures to forest loss and degradation in Colombia, and Section 2.1 describes biodiversity recovery and carbon sequestration through silvopastoral systems. Those passages support the environmental concern, but they do not establish that replacing native vegetation with exotic grasses causes all three cited outcomes, particularly greenhouse gas emissions. The flammability point is attributed to Cochrane (2003), not this source. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The new value assemblage is one where women disproportionately lose, given their economic roles associated with the lost traditional livelihoods and that they find little opportunity in the cattle economy, whose jobs privilege men.

“Not the least, the new value assemblage is one where women disproportionately lose, given their economic roles associated with the lost traditional livelihoods and that they find little opportunity in the cattle economy, whose jobs privilege men (Garrett et al., 2021).”

• cites Garrett et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  Section 6.2 says deforestation and forest degradation disproportionately harm women by reducing opportunities to gather medicinal plants and other nontimber forest products; Section 7.5 describes women's economic roles in collecting and selling them. The paper identifies cattle ranching as a major driver of deforestation, but the passages do not establish that cattle-economy jobs privilege men or offer women little opportunity. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

PPCDAm's implementation fluctuates and was notoriously absent during the Bolsonaro administration (2019-2022), reinforcing an entrenched culture of impunity in the region.

“In public lands, the Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAm) has helped address illegalities since 2004, but its implementation fluctuates and was notoriously absent during the Bolsonaro administration (2019-2022), reinforcing an entrenched culture of impunity in the region (Carrero et al., 2020;Coelho-Junior et al., 2022).”

• cites Carrero et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Coelho-Junior et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Section 1, “Political negligence boosts Amazon deforestation” (page unavailable), says PPCDAm strengthened enforcement and that the government shut it down in 2019. It links weakened enforcement to fewer infraction notices, consistent with the claim about impunity. The paper does not establish PPCDAm’s status throughout the entire 2019–2022 administration or document fluctuations in its implementation beyond the earlier success and 2019 shutdown. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Such settlers typically fail to receive any agricultural technical assistance and lack the means to engage in much other than cattle, given their physical and economic isolation.

“Such settlers typically fail to receive any agricultural technical assistance and lack the means to engage in much other than cattle, given their physical and economic isolation (Russo Lopes and Bastos Lima, 2022; see also Schielein et al., 2021).”

• cites Russo Lopes and Bastos Lima, 2022 sourceSupported
• cites Schielein et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Law enforcement in the Amazon is far from adequate, partly due to limited capacity to monitor such a vast expanse, but also due to lenient state institutions.

“Second, law enforcement is far from adequate, partly due to limited capacity to monitor such a vast expanse, but also due to lenient state institutions (Nunes et al., 2024).”

• cites Nunes et al., 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says enforcement in the Amazon is often insufficient, and Results and discussion (‘Changes in institutional capacity and militarization,’ page unavailable) reports low state-agency capacity and limited accountability. The legal-prosecution section also describes institutional changes that increased the probability of impunity. But the paper does not attribute inadequate enforcement to an inability to monitor the Amazon’s vast area; its Introduction instead describes institutional capacity for effective deforestation monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

About 80% of Brazil's soy production is exported, mostly to China but also to other Asian countries and Europe.

“About 80% of Brazil's soy production is exported, mostly to China but also to other Asian countries and Europe (see Bastos Lima and Schilling-Vacaflor, 2024).”

• cites Bastos Lima and Schilling-Vacaflor, 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The passage headed “Table 1 (Continued)” reports substantial Brazilian soy exports in 2021, mainly to China, with Thailand and several European countries also listed. It does not state what share of Brazil’s total soy production was exported, so the “about 80%” figure is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such a rapid expansion has alarmed conservationists, who have noted that the conversion of tropical grasslands or forests into oil palm plantations can create severe negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

“Such a rapid expansion has alarmed conservationists, who have noted that the conversion of tropical grasslands or forests into oil palm plantations can create severe negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services (Vargas et al., 2015;Gilroy, 2023).”

• cites Vargas et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 2) describes rapid oil-palm expansion, conservation concern, and substantial biodiversity losses following forest conversion. The Abstract (p. 1) identifies savannas as threatened, and Future research directions (p. 13) warns that habitat loss also affects nonforested ecosystems. The paper does not establish severe negative consequences for ecosystem services from converting grasslands or forests; it identifies ecosystem services as a research priority (p. 13). (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Gilroy, 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Agricultural intensification overlooks augmented environmental impacts (e.g., from increased pesticide applications) and ignores how higher returns on investment encourage further expansion (the Jevons paradox), which has been observed in Latin America.

“It not only overlooks augmented environmental impacts (e.g., from increased pesticide applications; Göpel et al., 2020) but also ignores how higher returns on investment encourage further expansionthe so-called Jevons paradox, which has been observed in Latin America (Ceddia et al., 2013).”

• cites Göpel et al., 2020 sourceSupported
• cites Ceddia et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The literature notes that cattle ranching functions as a vehicle for legitimising illicit land claims-by converting forest to pasture, actors can formalise ownership and launder cocaine profits-while armed groups provide the coercive security needed to protect these new ranches.

“The literature also notes that cattle ranching functions as a vehicle for legitimising illicit land claims-by converting forest to pasture, actors can formalise ownership and launder cocaine profits-while armed groups provide the coercive security needed to protect these new ranches (Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023a).”

• cites Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023a sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are also initiatives to promote silvopastoral systems and to reduce cattle-driven deforestation.

“There are also initiatives to promote silvopastoral systems and to reduce cattle-driven deforestation (Lerma et al., 2022).”

• cites Lerma et al., 2022 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Because of insecurity, unemployment and lack of educational opportunities, many migrate to cities or out of the country-particularly the rural youth.

“Because of insecurity, unemployment and lack of educational opportunities, many migrate to cities or out of the countryparticularly the rural youth (Díaz Baca et al., 2024).”

• cites Díaz Baca et al., 2024 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As environmental impacts depend on where the expansion occurs, there have been reiterated assessments that oil palm may expand 'sustainably' in Colombia if only it replaces pastures.

“As environmental impacts depend on where the expansion occurs, there have been reiterated assessments that oil palm may expand”

• cites Quezada et al., 2019 sourceSupported
• cites Gomez et al., 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Marin et al., 2022 sourcePartly supported

  The Production and land use change scenarios section (page unavailable) supports the general point that environmental impacts depend on where expansion occurs: it models soybean expansion onto pastures and grasslands in Brazil while avoiding deforestation. It does not assess oil palm expansion in Colombia or report repeated assessments that replacing pastures there would be sustainable. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

While many reasons underlie such displacement, including the new armed conflicts involving paramilitary groups, part of the reason lies with rapid oil palm expansion.

“While many reasons underlie such displacement, including the new armed conflicts involving paramilitary groups, part of the reason lies with rapid oil palm expansion (Potter, 2020).”

• cites Potter, 2020 sourceSupported

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In the post-peace era since 2016, these dynamics have increasingly converged on cattle ranching as a 'narco-cattle' conduit for money laundering, land speculation and frontier expansion, similar to the case in Guatemala.

“Now, in the post-peace era since 2016, these dynamics have increasingly converged on cattle ranching as a”

• cites Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023a sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Discussion link cattle expansion after the 2016 peace accord to speculative land claims, drug-profit laundering, and frontier expansion. The Discussion also calls narco-cattle ranching a strategy for money laundering. But its Guatemala example concerns forest concessions and conservation, not a comparable narco-cattle conduit. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Murillo-Sandoval et al., 2023b sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Discussion link Colombia’s post-2016 cattle expansion to speculative land claims, frontier clearing, territorial control, and laundering drug profits. But the Discussion mentions Guatemala as an example of forest concessions and conservation, not as a comparable case of narco-cattle ranching. That comparison is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Devine et al., 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Women disproportionately lose, and female livelihoods associated with the forest lose room in a socioeconomic environment of increased gender inequality.

“Women in turn disproportionately lose, while female livelihoods associated with the forest lose room in a socioeconomic environment of increased gender inequality (Hodel, 2023;Castro-Núñez et al., 2024;Schmink and Arteaga Gómez-García, 2015).”

• cites Hodel, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Castro-Núñez et al., 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says women often have limited access to land, credit, and extension services, and the Discussion (‘Targeting female heads of household’; page unavailable) says their agricultural contributions are often undervalued. These passages support a general gender disadvantage, but the paper does not say that women disproportionately lose, that forest-associated female livelihoods are losing room, or that gender inequality is increasing. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Schmink and Arteaga Gómez-García, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Between 1985 and 2023, Brazil's pastureland area grew by 79%, and more than half of that expansion took place over native vegetation.

“Between 1985 and 2023, the country's pastureland area grew by 79%, and more than half of that expansion took place over native vegetation (MapBiomas, 2024a).”

• cites MapBiomas, 2024aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Amazonian frontiers, cattle ranching spearheads deforestation, often followed by commodity agriculture such as soy or oil palm.

“In Amazonian frontiers, cattle ranching spearheads deforestation, but often it is not long before commodity agriculture such as soy or oil palm comes in its wakeas our two case studies here will detail.”

• Also stated in: § 4.1.1. Cattle ranching as the spearhead of a transformative process · plain

  “It can be said, therefore, that cattle ranching spearheads the clearing and paves the way for further transformations in land use.”

May combine two claims.

The area dedicated to industrial agriculture in Brazil increased by 228% between 1985 and 2023, with 72.7% of that expansion over already cleared land, chiefly pastures.

“Meanwhile, the area dedicated to industrial agriculture increased by 228% over the same period, 72.7% of that being expansion over already cleared land, chiefly pastures (MapBiomas, 2024a).”

• cites MapBiomas, 2024aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ultimately, people migrate to sprawling cities and clear the way for capital-intensive crops such as soy in Brazil and oil palm in Colombia.

“Ultimately, however, people migrate to sprawling cities and clear the way for capitalintensive crops such as soy in Brazil and oil palm in Colombia.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Brazilian and Colombian Amazon have experienced significant deforestation and landscape transformations driven by cattle ranching expansion.

May combine two claims.

On average 1 million hectares of forests were cleared each year in the Brazilian Amazon between 2019 and 2023, most of it converted to pastures.

“On average 1 million hectares (Mha) of forests were cleared each year between 2019 and 2023, most of it converted to pastures (MapBiomas, 2024a).”

• cites MapBiomas, 2024aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Our research shows that targeting the vanishing mediator is fundamental not just for its individual role as a direct driver but especially because of the systemic role it plays spearheading frontierization.

“In thinking of more systemic, discontinuity approaches to arrest and reverse disamazonization, our research shows that targeting the vanishing mediator is fundamentalnot just for its individual role as a direct driver but especially because of the systemic role it plays spearheading frontierization.”

May combine two claims.

Testimonies highlight the paradox of peace, where the cessation of armed conflict has given way to new forms of violence and disorder, driven by new economic interests and a relentless pursuit of land for cattle ranching.

“Testimonies highlight the paradox of peace, where the cessation of armed conflict has given way to new forms of violence and disorder, driven by new economic interests and a relentless pursuit of land for cattle ranching.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The qualitative interviews and field observations are representative of broader local perspectives and conditions in the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Frontiers are places where further expansion is possible, where there remains uncommodified land, nature and labor to be successfully appropriated.

“He notes that frontiers are also places”

• cites Moore, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Quotations have been anonymized and are used to present stakeholders' views in their own words.

“They have been duly anonymized and are used here to enable voice and present the stakeholders' views in their own words.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Violent forms of rural eviction skip the gradual transition by throwing disenfranchised traditional farmers straight into the neutral state as urban poor, without viable alternatives for their livelihood.

“We can say that violent forms of rural eviction skip all that by throwing disenfranchised traditional farmers straight into that”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is important not to regard states as isolated units of analysis.

“Yet it is important not to regard states as isolated units of analysis (Moore, 2000).”

• cites Moore, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Livestock farming is much more than the production of beef, leather and dairy; it embodies lifestyles, cultural meanings and values, as well as ways of relating to nature and others.

“Livestock farming, for one, is much more than the production of beef, leather and dairy.It embodies lifestyles, cultural meanings and values that people embrace, as well as certain ways of relating, to nature and to others (Hoelle, 2015;Hodel, 2023).”

• cites Hoelle, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hodel, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In agricultural frontiers, smallholder farmers and sometimes Indigenous peoples have their traditional lands bought out or forcibly grabbed to make way for commodity production, while they are either absorbed in menial jobs or sent away to become part of the urban poor.

“In agricultural frontiers, it means that smallholder farmers and sometimes Indigenous peoples have their traditional lands bought out or forcibly “grabbed” to make way for commodity production, while they are either absorbed in menial jobs or sent away to become part of the urban poor (McCarthy and Cramb, 2009;Hall et al., 2011;Russo Lopes et al., 2021).”

• cites McCarthy and Cramb, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hall et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Russo Lopes et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the Amazon, cattle ranching is both the primary driver of deforestation and a harbinger of higher gender inequality.

“These dynamics have indeed been observed in the Amazon, where cattle ranching is both the primary driver of deforestation and a harbinger of higher gender inequality (Hoelle, 2015;Hodel, 2023).”

• cites Hoelle, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Hodel, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Coercion is prevalent in frontier spaces, but consent manufacturing is also present.

“Coercion is therefore prevalent in frontier spaces, but consent manufacturing is present, too.”

May combine two claims.

The frontier moves forward, advancing land-use change, resource appropriation, and socio-ecological transformation.

“The frontier itself thereby moves forward, advancing land-use change, resource appropriation, and socio-ecological transformation.”

May combine two claims.

Former traditional farmers become self-reliant but embedded in the market and under precarious conditions.

“They are back to being self-reliant but are now embedded in the market and under precarious conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

The vanishing of the mediator is not instantaneous; it can take some time.

“The”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When the preferences and wants of stakeholders are effectively shaped, coercion becomes unnecessary.

“When the very preferences and wants of stakeholders are effectively shaped, coercion becomes unnecessary (Lukes, 2005).”

• cites Lukes, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Semi-structured interviews allow for garnering participants' detailed and subjective understandings of a process while still keeping a degree of standardization.

“Semi-structured interviews usefully allow for garnering participants' detailed and subjective understandings of a process while still keeping a degree of standardization (Magaldi and Berler, 2020).”

• cites Magaldi and Berler, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The frontier transition characteristically involves both violence and the late arrival of state institutions.

“There is, therefore, a transition that characteristically involves both violence and the (late) arrival of state institutions.”

May combine two claims.

Market demand for livestock products exists, driven primarily by domestic consumption, which challenges supply chain governance efforts focused on international trade.

“Market demand for livestock products exists --driven primarily by domestic consumption, which challenges ongoing supply chain governance efforts focused on international trade (Zu Ermgassen et al., 2024).”

• cites Zu Ermgassen et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Frontiers are not simply about incorporating peripheral regions but doing so in a particular fashion, usually to produce commodities at the lowest echelon of the global economy.

“As Moore (2000) argues, frontiers are not simply about incorporating peripheral regions but doing so in a particular fashion, usually to produce commodities at the lowest echelon of the global economy.”

• cites Moore, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For others, cattle ranching mediates the transition to urban poor at the societal level.

“Yet, for others, cattle ranching plays its role as a mediator for that transition at the societal level.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The qualitative approach has limitations when it comes to proving what the authors posit, but it enriches the contexts behind the numbers and the sociological dimensions of landscape transformations.

“While such a qualitative approach has limitations when it comes to proving what we posit, it does enrich the contexts behind the numbers and, in particular, the sociological dimensions of such landscape transformations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Disenfranchisement takes place through a longer and more seamless process that overcomes resistance.

“Disenfranchisement takes place too, but through a longer and more seamless process that overcomes resistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Seen from the state center, the enclosure movement is an effort to integrate and monetize the people, land and resources of the periphery so that they become rentable and auditable contributors to the gross national product and to foreign exchange.

“As he puts it,”

• cites Scott, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smallholders in frontier modernization become newly molded, replacing their traditional practices to align with the dominant state and market institutions.

“As captured by Eugen Weber (1976) in his classical work “Peasants into Frenchmen” on the modernization of rural France, those smallholders become newly molded, replacing their traditional practices to instead align with the dominant state and market institutions.”

• cites Weber, 1976Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Frontiers are also spaces from where low-value commodities flow to economic and political centers.

“Therefore, rather than only a geographical place, they are also the spaces from where low-value commodities flow to economic and political centers (Moore, 2000).”

• cites Moore, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Typically, cattle ranching spearheads a process of frontierization through the replacement of native vegetation or traditional mixed farming systems for pastures, which may eventually give way to mechanized agriculture.

“Typically, cattle ranching spearheads a process of”

• cites Russo Lopes et al., 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Dispossession comes full circle when traditional farmers become urban poor, disembedded from nature and unable to engage with nature as an instrument.

“Dispossession comes full circle when hitherto traditional farmers find themselves living a city life as urban poor, disembedded from nature but no longer having the possibility of engaging with nature as an instrument, either.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interviews generally were not audio recorded, to allow participants to speak more candidly, due to the sensitive nature of this topic.

“The interviews generally were not audio recorded, to allow participants to speak more candidly, due to the sensitive nature of this topic.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The authors employed a mixed-method qualitative approach, triangulating across different sources of primary data, to appraise the role of cattle ranching upon four visits in the Brazilian Amazon and the Colombian Amazon-Andes foothills.

“Second, we employed a mixed-method qualitative approach, triangulating across different sources of primary data, to appraise the role of cattle ranching upon four visits in the Brazilian Amazon and the Colombian Amazon-Andes foothills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Such areas typically are geographically challenging to access, yet at some point there is the realization that neglected and seemingly useless territories were suddenly of great value to the economy.

“Such areas typically are geographically challenging to access, yet at some point there is”

• cites Scott, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Typically, there is a clash of worldviews besides the shift in who has access to and control over local resources.

“Typically, there is a clash of worldviews besides the shift in who has access to and control over local resources (Tsing, 2003;Rasmussen and Lund, 2018).”

• cites Tsing, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rasmussen and Lund, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The transition from traditional farmers to ranchers and then migration to the city does not necessarily happen to the same individuals; the phenomenon broadly occurs at the societal level.

“It is not necessarily the case that the same individuals will transition from being traditional farmers to ranchers and then migrate to the city (though this can happen), in the same way that individuals from centuries ago did not embrace Protestantism and then immediately move on to become materialist capitalists.”

• Also stated in: § 2.2. Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator · hedged

  “Rather, the phenomenon broadly occurs at the societal levelthough, again, here arguably at a much faster speed than the historical process Weber (1905) and Jameson (1973) addressed.”

May combine two claims.

In time, cattle ranching's mediation will give place to full-fledged agribusiness, which regards nature as an instrument but lacks rural livelihood trappings and instead features market embeddedness and complete dependence on formal economic exchange.

“In time, that will give place to full-fledged agribusiness, which also regards nature as an instrumentas mere resources and servicesbut is void of any of the rural livelihood trappings.”

• Also stated in: § 2.2. Cattle ranching as a vanishing mediator · plain

  “Here, there is instead market embeddedness and complete dependence on formal economic exchange (e.g., for food, agricultural inputs).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Dispossession will happen because only a few and increasingly fewer people will play a role in agribusiness.

“Dispossession will happen, though, because only a fewand increasingly fewerpeople will play a role in agribusiness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a transmutation of peasant lives, self-reliant and broadly embedded in nature, into market-embedded modern lives, perhaps accelerated by global demands.

“Likewise, one can see here a transmutationin historical terms much faster of peasant lives, self-reliant and broadly embedded in nature (i.e., relying on it for food, medicine, as well as other material and immaterial resources, such as social meanings) into market-embedded modern lives, perhaps accelerated by global demands.”

May combine two claims.

Pre-existing territorial orders are disassembled and replaced by arrangements that treat places as resource extraction sites, with considerable social and ecological consequences.

“Pre-existing territorial orders are disassembled and replaced by arrangements that treat those places as resource extraction sites, with considerable social and ecological consequences (Moore, 2000;McCarthy and Cramb, 2009;Woodworth, 2017;Cons and Eilenberg, 2019).”

• cites Moore, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites McCarthy and Cramb, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Woodworth, 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Brazil and Colombia together host as much as 70% of the Amazon rainforest and were responsible for 77% of its deforestation in 2022.

“Brazil and Colombia together host as much as 70% of the Amazon rainforest and were responsible for 77% of its deforestation in 2022 (Finer and Mamani, 2023).”

• cites Finer and Mamani, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The state is driven to enclose its outlying regions, to turn them into fully governed, fiscally fertile areas.

“Scott (2009: 10) discusses how by its own nature the state is driven to enclose its outlying regions, to turn them into”

• cites Scott, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The authors selected interviewees using a purposive sampling technique based on expertise and experience, while trying to ensure a diversity of angles.

“We selected the interviewees using a purposive sampling technique, that is, based on their expertise and experience regarding Amazon frontier dynamics (rather than in randomized sampling), while trying to ensure a diversity of angles, including from government officials, farmers, local researchers as well as civil society organization representatives.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Both case studies draw from a triangulation of different sources of evidence, including scientific literature, civil society reports, and primary data from field observations and key-informant interviews.

“Both case studies draw from a triangulation of different sources of evidence, including the scientific literature, civil society reports, as well as primary data from field observations and key-informant interviews with different Brazilian or Colombian stakeholders.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

World-systems scholars identify frontiers as peripheral regions where socio-ecological transformations take place to meet the desires of a global politico-economic core.

“World-systems scholars identify frontiers as”

• cites Wallerstein, 1974Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Arrighi, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Cattle ranching may serve as smallholders' welcoming baptism into a cash economy, their introduction to state agencies, and first contact with formal markets, while maintaining the trappings of a rural livelihood.

“That may prove to be their welcoming “baptism” into a cash economy as well as likely their introduction to state agencies (e.g., public banks, technical assistance and extension services) and first contact with formal markets (e.g., feed suppliers, improved grass seeds, meat and dairy sales) -all while maintaining the trappings of a rural livelihood.”

May combine two claims.

Soy cultivation in the Brazilian Amazon has continued to expand and went from 1.5 Mha in 1985 to 5.9 Mha by 2023.

“Thanks to cattle clearing that predates that year and to land banking, however, soy cultivation in the Brazilian Amazon has continued to expand and went from 1.5 Mha in 1985 to 5.9 Mha by 2023 (MapBiomas, 2024a).”

• cites MapBiomas, 2024aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most smallholders end up leaving for the city, their livelihoods abandoned.

“Most smallholders, thus, end up leaving for the city, their livelihoods abandoned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Protestant-led capitalism historically has fostered 'a disenchanted view of the natural environment.'

“As Hoefle (1999: 56) notes, Protestant-led capitalism historically has fostered”

• cites Hoefle, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Brazil's 2012 Forest Code revision created new gaps and may have been responsible for more than 40% of the Amazon's surged deforestation rates between 2012 and 2017.

“Brazil's 2012 Forest Code revision, too, created new gaps (see Freitas et al., 2018) and may have been responsible for more than 40% of the Amazon's surged deforestation rates between 2012 and 2017 (Sant'Anna and Costa, 2021).”

• cites Freitas et al., 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sant'Anna and Costa, 2021Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Currently, there is no precise data on the number of cattle in the Colombian Amazon, as the frontier advances without government oversight.

“Currently, there is no precise data on the number of cattle in the Colombian Amazon, as the frontier advances without government oversight.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The transformation from pre- to post-frontier is then complete.

“The transformation from pre-to post-frontier is then complete.”

May combine two claims.

Between 1985 and 2023, the Colombian Amazon lost 2.8 Mha of native vegetation, while agricultural land-mostly pastures-had an equivalent increase in area.

“Between 1985 and 2023, the Colombian Amazon lost 2.8 Mha of native vegetation, while agricultural landmostly pastureshad an equivalent increase in area (MapBiomas, 2024b).”

• cites MapBiomas, 2024bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Less than 15% of Brazil's beef production is exported, making the domestic market far more relevant.

“However, less than 15% of Brazil's beef production is exported, making the domestic market far more relevant (Haddad et al., 2024).”

• cites Haddad et al., 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite contributing to deforestation, growing cattle herds per rancher, weed control and carbon sequestration benefits are all used as positive indicators.

“Despite contributing to deforestation, growing cattle herds per rancher, weed control and carbon sequestration benefits are all used as positive indicators (López et al., 2024).”

• cites López et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Amazon operates as an extra-legal space, vulnerable to pervasive environmental crimes and land-grabbing practices that utilize cattle as a tool.

“In typical frontier fashion, the Amazon also operates as an extra-legal space, vulnerable to pervasive environmental crimes and land-grabbing practices that utilize cattle as a tool (Hecht, 2014;Fernandes et al., 2023).”

• cites Hecht, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fernandes et al., 2023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source