The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 80 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 61 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings
Open accessAbstract
Life stress is a central construct in many models of human health and disease. The present article reviews research on stress and health, with a focus on (a) how life stress has been conceptualized and measured over time, (b) recent evidence linking stress and disease, and (c) mechanisms that might underlie these effects. Emerging from this body of work is evidence that stress is involved in the development, maintenance, or exacerbation of several mental and physical health conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, anxiety disorders, depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Stress has also been implicated in accelerated biological aging and premature mortality. These effects have been studied most commonly using self-report checklist measures of life stress exposure, although interview-based approaches provide a more comprehensive assessment of individuals’ exposure to stress. Most recently, online systems like the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) have been developed for assessing lifetime stress exposure, and such systems may provide important new information to help advance our understanding of how stressors occurring over the life course get embedded in the brain and body to affect lifespan health.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Life stress is a central risk factor for many mental and physical health conditions, but its conceptualization and measurement have varied widely. This review summarizes historical and contemporary approaches, evidence linking stress to disease, proposed biological mechanisms, and the emerging use of lifetime stress assessment tools such as the STRAIN.
Key findings
- Stress exposure is implicated in the development, maintenance, or exacerbation of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, anxiety disorders, depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, HIV/AIDS, stroke, certain cancers, accelerated biological aging, and premature mortality.
- Self-report checklists are common but face reliability and validity concerns; interview-based systems such as the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule and UCLA Life Stress Interview provide more comprehensive stressor assessment.
- The Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) assesses 96 types of acute life events and chronic difficulties and can produce 115 stress exposure scores and life charts.
- Proposed mechanisms include stress-related upregulation of inflammation, overlap between social and physical pain systems, and social stress effects on gene expression; one study found more than 200 genes differentially expressed in lonely versus nonlonely individuals.
Methods
- Narrative review of conceptual issues, measurement approaches, recent findings on stress and health, and biological mechanisms.
- The paper also describes two classroom studies using transformational teaching: students completed the STRAIN online, then were randomly assigned to a stress lecture or control conditions; the main finding was significantly improved understanding of how stress affects health.
- No systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analytic method is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states that self-report checklist measures have concerns about recall accuracy, objective reporting, item interpretation, and conflation of stress with outcomes.
- The paper states that there is little agreement on which stressor features are most important to measure and that more research is needed on lifetime stress exposure and its biological mechanisms.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a systematic search protocol, and the two teaching studies are described only briefly without full methodological or statistical detail.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
30 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 2 Own method · 1 Own result · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“Some of the earliest work on this topic found that living in a rural versus urban environment has a substantial effect on individuals’ genomic profile (Idaghdour, Storey, Jadallah, & Gibson, 2008).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Idaghdour, Storey, Jadallah, & Gibson, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human genome continually shifts its activity to coordinate biological processes and calibrate the body to the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.
In the paper
“Around the same time, Cole and colleagues (2007) found that more than 200 genes were differentially expressed in lonely versus nonlonely individuals.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cole and colleagues (2007)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human genome continually shifts its activity to coordinate biological processes and calibrate the body to the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has shown that these two forms of stress have different effects (Monroe et al., 2007; Muscatell, Slavich, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2009).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monroe et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites Muscatell, Slavich, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, individual differences in neural responses to social stress in these particular brain regions predict differences in inflammatory responding to social stress (Muscatell et al., 2015; Slavich, Way, Eisenberger, & Taylor, 2010).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muscatell et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Way, Eisenberger, & Taylor, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because many of those differentially expressed genes are involved in immune system activity, including inflammatory responding and the antiviral response, these data provided some of the first indications that experiences of social stress and adversity may affect disease risk and mortality in part by influencing some of our most basic biological processes—namely, the expression of our genes.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human genome continually shifts its activity to coordinate biological processes and calibrate the body to the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main finding from these two studies was that having students complete the STRAIN before or after a lecture on stress and health significantly improved their understanding of how stress affects health.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Teaching Stress and Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although inflammation is typically thought of as the body’s primary response to physical injury and infection, researchers have recently identified that inflammation plays a role in several of the most burdensome and deadly diseases (Couzin-Frankel, 2010; Slavich, 2015), thereby making inflammation a potential common pathway linking stress with several disease states.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Couzin-Frankel, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, 2015
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because many of those differentially expressed genes are involved in immune system activity, including inflammatory responding and the antiviral response, these data provided some of the first indications that experiences of social stress and adversity may affect disease risk and mortality in part by influencing some of our most basic biological processes—namely, the expression of our genes.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The human genome continually shifts its activity to coordinate biological processes and calibrate the body to the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although inflammation is typically thought of as the body’s primary response to physical injury and infection, researchers have recently identified that inflammation plays a role in several of the most burdensome and deadly diseases (Couzin-Frankel, 2010; Slavich, 2015), thereby making inflammation a potential common pathway linking stress with several disease states.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Couzin-Frankel, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, consistent with the stress–health links described above, there is emerging evidence showing that stressors involving interpersonal loss and social rejection are among the strongest psychosocial activators of molecular processes that underlie inflammation (Murphy, Slavich, Chen, & Miller, 2015; Murphy, Slavich, Rohleder, & Miller, 2013; for a review, see Slavich, O’Donovan, Epel, & Kemeny”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy, Slavich, Chen, & Miller, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Murphy, Slavich, Rohleder, & Miller, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, O’Donovan, Epel, & Kemeny, 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite great interest in identifying the most deleterious aspects of stress, however, there is little agreement on what features of stressors are most important to measure.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is also evidence that some of the same genetic factors that regulate experiences of physical pain may influence experiences of social pain (Slavich, Tartter, Brennan, & Hammen, 2014).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Tartter, Brennan, & Hammen, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, experiences of interpersonal loss may make individuals more sensitive to subsequent stressors involving loss (Slavich, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2011), with individuals’ perceptions of such events potentially playing an influential role in shaping the stress experience and response (Blascovich, 2007; Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013; Lebois, Hertzog, Slavich, Feldman Barrett, & Barsalou, 2016).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because self-report checklist measures typically describe stressors in relatively general terms, a third concern involves whether researchers actually know what has happened to a respondent given his or her endorsement of a particular item on a checklist.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-report checklist measures typically describe stressors in relatively general terms.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there are concerns about the extent to which self-report checklist measures of stress inadvertently assess the outcomes under study. For example, some checklist measures enquire about sleep problems, anxiety symptoms, and other affective and behavioral outcomes, and this can conflate the measurement of stress with the dependent variables being examined.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Some checklist measures enquire about sleep problems, anxiety symptoms, and other affective and behavioral outcomes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, several theorists have proposed different models for how acute life events and chronic difficulties may accumulate and disrupt biological systems that lead to altered neural and immune system function, oxidative stress, accelerated biological aging, and ultimately different disease states and premature mortality (e.g., Graham, Christian, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2006; Lupien et al., 2009; McEwen,”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Graham, Christian, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Lupien et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 1998
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One of the most recent and potentially important findings in this context involves the discovery that stress can upregulate components of the immune system involved in inflammation (Segerstrom & Miller, 2004; Slavich & Irwin, 2014).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Segerstrom & Miller, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Slavich & Irwin, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a result, one emerging idea is that individuals who are more neurally sensitive to social stressors may mount greater inflammatory responses to social stress (Slavich & Irwin, 2014; Slavich, O’Donovan, et al., 2010).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slavich & Irwin, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, O’Donovan, et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, a small but growing body of work is showing that the impact of acute life events and chronic difficulties occurring over a person’s lifespan may exert a cumulative effect on the body that has implications for the development of disease (Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar, & Heim, 2009).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar, & Heim, 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If repeatedly engaged, however, heightened neuroinflammatory responses to social stress may increase a person’s risk for a number of diseases that involve inflammation (Nusslock & Miller, 2016; Slavich & Irwin, 2014).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nusslock & Miller, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Slavich & Irwin, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A recent finding in this context has been the discovery that stressors involving social evaluation and rejection, which can induce experiences of “social pain,” activate some of the same brain regions that are engaged by physical pain (Dedovic, Slavich, Muscatell, Irwin, & Eisenberger, 2016; Kross, Berman, Mischel, Smith, & Wager, 2011; for a review, see Eisenberger, 2012).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dedovic, Slavich, Muscatell, Irwin, & Eisenberger, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Kross, Berman, Mischel, Smith, & Wager, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Eisenberger, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Broadly speaking, these theories underscore that humans are fundamentally motivated to maintain close social bonds because of the nurturance and protection that others provide (e.g., Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Gilbert, 1992; Leary, 2007).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumeister & Leary, 1995
- Not checked yetcites Gilbert, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Leary, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a reactivity profile may be adaptive in the short term, as it can help prevent the spread of infection and accelerate wound healing and recovery.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Mechanisms Linking Stress and Health
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with individuals’ perceptions of such events potentially playing an influential role in shaping the stress experience and response (Blascovich, 2007; Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013; Lebois, Hertzog, Slavich, Feldman Barrett, & Barsalou, 2016).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blascovich, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Lebois, Hertzog, Slavich, Feldman Barrett, & Barsalou, 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have examined predictions derived from these theories, and this body of work suggests that stressors involving interpersonal loss are some of the strongest precipitants of emotional distress, even when compared to other stressors that are similarly severe (Kendler, Hettema, Butera, Gardner, & Prescott, 2003; Slavich, Thornton, Torres, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2009; see also Brown, Harris,”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kendler, Hettema, Butera, Gardner, & Prescott, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, Thornton, Torres, Monroe, & Gotlib, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Brown, Harris, & Hepworth, 1995
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This research has been very impactful, as it has highlighted that not all types of stressors are equivalent with respect to their impact on health.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stress increases individuals’ risk for a variety of diseases”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, a growing body of research is demonstrating that several psychological, cognitive, and behavioral interventions may help to improve individuals’ academic performance, stress-related biological reactivity, and mental and physical health (Black & Slavich, 2016; Free et al., 2013; Regehr, Glancy, & Pitts, 2013; Yeager & Walton, 2011).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Teaching Stress and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Black & Slavich, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Free et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Regehr, Glancy, & Pitts, 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This work has also helped investigators elucidate psychological and biological mechanisms that might link experiences of stress with disease.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
In the paper
“Research has demonstrated that people can reliably recall major life stressors over long periods of time, but that the quality of such reports is best when individuals’ life histories are probed in a systematic manner by a trained interviewer (Brewin, Andrews, & Gotlib, 1993).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewin, Andrews, & Gotlib, 1993
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging from this body of work is evidence that stress is involved in the development, maintenance, or exacerbation of several mental and physical health conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, anxiety disorders, depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, stroke, and certain types of cancer.”
- Also stated in: § Stress and Health · plain
“the take-home message from this literature is that stress exposure increases risk for poor clinical outcomes across a variety of major health conditions”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cutolo & Straub, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Kendler, Karkowski, & Prescott, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Kivimäki et al., 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Stress and Health · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress has also been implicated in accelerated biological aging and premature mortality.”
- Also stated in: § Stress and Health · hedged
“Stress has also been implicated in accelerated biological aging and premature mortality (Epel et al., 2004; Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010; for a review, see Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Epel et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, & Miller, 2007
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Stress and Health · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although self-report checklist measures are inexpensive and relatively easy to administer, researchers have raised concerns about their reliability and validity (Brown, 1974; Dohrenwend, 2006; Hammen, 2005; Monroe, 2008; Paykel, 2001).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown, 1974
- Not checked yetcites Dohrenwend, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Hammen, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects have been studied most commonly using self-report checklist measures of life stress exposure, although interview-based approaches provide a more comprehensive assessment of individuals’ exposure to stress.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two of the most commonly used interview-based systems for assessing recent life stress exposure are the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (Brown & Harris, 1978) and the UCLA Life Stress Interview (Hammen et al., 1987).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown & Harris, 1978
- Not checked yetcites Hammen et al., 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This information enables investigators to verify that the stressors being analyzed occurred before (and not after) the health problems they are trying to study, to distinguish between acute and chronic stressors, and to assess the impact that different types of life experiences have on health.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Dimensions and Characteristics of Life Stressors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At a basic level, stressors can occur as acute life events, such as getting fired or finding out that a loved one has died, or as chronic difficulties, such as living in a dangerous neighborhood or having persistent financial or marital problems (Monroe & Slavich, 2016; Slavich, 2016).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monroe & Slavich, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Slavich, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of the most commonly used self-report checklist measures of stress exposure are the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967), the List of Threatening Experiences (Brugha & Cragg, 1990), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994), and the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes & Rahe, 1967
- Not checked yetcites Brugha & Cragg, 1990
- Not checked yetcites Bernstein et al., 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most frequently used measure is probably the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983), although this instrument assesses aspects of the stress experience (e.g., “How often have you felt nervous and stressed?”) as opposed to a person’s exposure to specific stressors.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These systems ask different questions, but they are similar in that each employs a trained interviewer who inquires about the respondent’s recent life experiences in great detail.”
- Also stated in: § Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors · plain
“the information that is collected about each stressor is then summarized and presented to a panel of expert raters who make consensus judgments about the timing, nature, and severity of each reported stressor.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, nowadays, there is little debate about whether life stress plays a role in affecting health.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The instrument that has been developed for assessing lifetime stress exposure is called the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN). This online system enquires about 96 different types of acute life events and chronic difficulties that a person might have experienced over the life course.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is new in this area of research, however, is the ability to measure all of the different acute life events and chronic difficulties that individuals have experienced over the life course and to relate individuals’ unique lifetime stress exposure profiles to biological and clinical outcomes.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The tool has thus been helpful for advancing the conceptualization of stress, but also for documenting how lifetime stress exposure affects mental and physical health in the general population (Toussaint, Shields, Dorn, & Slavich, 2016), as well as clinical outcomes in specific disease populations (Bower et al., 2014).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Stress and Health > Lifetime Stress Exposure and Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Toussaint, Shields, Dorn, & Slavich, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Bower et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is a particularly important issue in research on stress and depression, given that depressed individuals often exhibit negative biases in attention and memory (Gotlib & Joormann, 2010).”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Conceptualization and Measurement of Life Stressors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gotlib & Joormann, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this approach has already proven fruitful to the extent that researchers now have an instrument for assessing lifetime stress exposure”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and new ideas on how adverse experiences might accumulate over time and become embedded in the brain and body to affect lifespan health.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers now have clearer distinctions between life stress exposure and response and better frameworks for conceptualizing and defining different forms and features of life stress.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Summary and Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Then, 2 days later, we randomly assigned half of the students to listen to a 25-min lecture on the conceptualization and assessment of stress, the content and structure of the STRAIN, and the types of stress that were most frequently reported by students”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Teaching Stress and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the second study, we randomly assigned students to complete (a) either the STRAIN or a control task and (b) either a STRAIN-specific lecture or a general lecture on stress.”
§ Life Stress and Health: A Review of Conceptual Issues and Recent Findings > Teaching Stress and Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The human genome continually shifts its activity to coordinate biological processes and calibrate the body to the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.
“In reality, though, the human genome is continually shifting its activity to coordinate biological processes that are needed to sustain life and to calibrate the body to deal with the surrounding social, physical, and microbial environment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not everyone who experiences life stress becomes ill.
“Although life stress is a strong risk factor for disease, not everyone who experiences stress gets sick.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Memories of important events can change over time and be influenced by mood.
“Because memories of important events can change over time and can be influenced by mood, a second concern involves whether individuals can self-report on the nature or severity of past stressors in an objective, unbiased manner.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-report checklist measures typically describe stressors in relatively general terms.
“Because self-report checklist measures typically describe stressors in relatively general terms, a third concern involves whether researchers actually know what has happened to a respondent given his or her endorsement of a particular item on a checklist.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some checklist measures enquire about sleep problems, anxiety symptoms, and other affective and behavioral outcomes.
“For example, some checklist measures enquire about sleep problems, anxiety symptoms, and other affective and behavioral outcomes, and this can conflate the measurement of stress with the dependent variables being examined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A majority of individuals who experience major life stressors do not become ill.
“These statistics may sound alarming, but the silver lining is that a majority of individuals who experience major life stressors do not get ill.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Even though research indicates, in line with the assumptions of the procrastination-health model, that stress is a risk factor for physical and mental disorders [63–66]”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“The resulting consensus from this body of work is that acute life events (e.g., getting divorced or fired from a job) and chronic difficulties (e.g., ongoing marital or financial problems) increase risk for a wide variety of mental and physical health problems, including anxiety disorders, depression, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and Alzheimer's disease (6–10).”
From Assessing Lifetime Stress Exposure Using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An Overview and Initial Validation (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Citations
Cites
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
The social readjustment rating scale
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 · Cited by 11,560
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181
Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load
McEWEN, B. S. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x · Cited by 5,092
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Allbutt C., 1895, Contemporary Review, 67, 210
- Clark D. A., 1999, Scientific foundations of cognitive theory of depression
- Lamkin D. M., 2016, The SAGE encyclopedia of theory in psychology, first edition, 768
- Monroe S. M., 2014, Handbook of depression, third edition, 296
- Selye H., 1976, The stress of life
- Slavich G. M. (2005). Transformational teaching. In Zinn T. E., Saville B. K., Williams J. L. (Eds.), Essays from e-xcellence in teaching, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.teachpsych.org/Resources/Documents/ebooks/eit2005.pdf
- Slavich G. M., 2006, The teaching of psychology in autobiography: Perspectives from exemplary psychology teachers, 92
- Slavich G. M., 2016, The SAGE encyclopedia of theory in psychology, first edition, 762
- Weiss J. M., 1985, Stress and coping, 93
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 · Cited by 502
“…effective interventions for producing social safety–related benefits will likely be those that target modifiable social cognitions and behaviors that increase perceptions of social safety and reduce perceptions of social threat (Black & Slavich 2016, O’Donovan et al. 2013, Slavich et al. 2010b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSlavich, G. M., & Sacher, J. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05326-9 · Cited by 383
Self-citationJames, K. A., Stromin, J., Steenkamp, N., & Combrinck, M. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1085950 · Cited by 479
Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000534 · Cited by 268
Self-citationShields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12335 · Cited by 244
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Slavich, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slavich, George M.
- ORCID
- Slavich, George M.
- Venue
- Teaching of Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-08-20
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 346-355
- ISSN
- 0098-6283 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-8023
- PMC
- PMC5066570
- OpenAlex
- W2509142306
- Semantic Scholar
- 6a92a2adc2664d865af5ef5d2877171bd741db80
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 10.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Teaching of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K08MH103443)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- life events, stress and health, stress and disease, mental health, physical health, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, anxiety disorders, depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, HIV/AIDS, stroke, cancer, biological aging, premature mortality, life course, stress mechanisms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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