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How diverse is child language acquisition research?
Open accessAbstract
A comprehensive theory of child language acquisition requires an evidential base that is representative of the typological diversity present in the world’s 7000 or so languages. However, languages are dying at an alarming rate, and the next 50 years represents the last chance we have to document acquisition in many of them. Here, we take stock of the last 45 years of research published in the four main child language acquisition journals: Journal of Child Language, First Language, Language Acquisition and Language Learning and Development. We coded each article for several variables, including (1) participant group (mono vs multilingual), (2) language(s), (3) topic(s) and (4) country of author affiliation, from each journal’s inception until the end of 2020. We found that we have at least one article published on around 103 languages, representing approximately 1.5% of the world’s languages. The distribution of articles was highly skewed towards English and other well-studied Indo-European languages, with the majority of non-Indo-European languages having just one paper. A majority of the papers focused on studies of monolingual children, although papers did not always explicitly report participant group status. The distribution of topics across language categories was more even. The number of articles published on non-Indo-European languages from countries outside of North America and Europe is increasing; however, this increase is driven by research conducted in relatively wealthy countries. Overall, the vast majority of the research was produced in the Global North. We conclude that, despite a proud history of crosslinguistic research, the goals of the discipline need to be recalibrated before we can lay claim to truly a representative account of child language acquisition.
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BackgroundShin, G., & Mun, S. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13405 · Cited by 7
Prime Surprisal as a Tool for Assessing Error-Based Learning Theories: A Systematic Review
Fazekas, J., Sala, G., & Pine, J. M. (2024) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages9040147 · Cited by 6
The effects of family, culture and sex on linguistic development across 20 languages
Ibbotson, P., & Browne, W. J. (2024) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13547 · Cited by 7
Exploring language diversity: A commentary on Kidd and Garcia (2022)
Pye, C. L. (2022) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237221084505 · Cited by 5
“In the target article, Kidd and Garcia (2022) explore diversity in language acquisition research by analyzing articles published over the past 45 years in the Journal of Child Language, First Language, Language Acquisition, and Language Learning and Corresponding author: Clifton Pye, The University…”
BackgroundEdward, M. I. (2022) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237221104049 · Cited by 5
Chondrogianni, V., & Butcher, M. (2023) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263123000293 · Cited by 5
“This is particularly important for the generalizability of these measures in the acquisition of lesser studied languages (Kidd & Garcia, 2022).”
Bose, A., Bhatia, S., Venkatesh, L., Banerjee, S., Murugesan, G., John, S., Upadhyay, S., Dutta, M., Menon, M., Fahey, D., et al. (2025) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2025.2548249 · Cited by 4
“…to improve linguistic diversity in research of cognition and neurological conditions (Beveridge & Bak, 2011 for aphasia; García et al., 2023 for neurodegenerative conditions; Kidd & Garcia, 2022 for language acquisition; Bylund et al., 2024 for second language acquisition and multilingualism).”
The separability of early vocabulary and grammar knowledge
Donnelly, S., Kidd, E., Verkuilen, J., & Rowland, C. F. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104586 · Cited by 4
Self-citationFrank, M. C., Baumgartner, H. A., Braginsky, M., Kachergis, G., Lightbody, A. A., Sparks, R. Z., Zhu, R., Carlson, S. M., Graham, S., Lipina, S. J., et al. (2025) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.70011 · Cited by 5
A comparison of word humor ratings across speakers of North American, British, and Singapore English
Siew, C. S. Q. (2024) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-024-01587-8 · Cited by 4
“…current research has tended to focus on a limited set of languages from a small number of countries (Anand et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2023)—a general trend seen in diverse subfields ranging from sentence production (Jaeger & Norcliffe, 2009) to child language acquisition (Kidd & Garcia, 2022).”
Nam, M., Yamane, N., Hwang, H. K., Onsuwan, C., Choi, Y., & Mazuka, R. (2024) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.102005 · Cited by 5
Jiwar: A database and calculator for word neighborhood measures in 40 languages
Alzahrani, A. A. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02612-7 · Cited by 4
“…of less-explored languages and the overreliance on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD) samples in psycholinguistics and bilingual research (Andringa & Godfroid, 2020; Blasi et al., 2022; Garcia et al., 2022; Jaeger & Norcliffe, 2009; Kidd & Garcia, 2022; Plonsky, 2023).”
Sagna, S., Vihman, V., & Brown, D. (2022) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237221094732 · Cited by 4
“Kidd and García (2022) chart the imbalance in child language research in languages, as well as speaker populations and authorship by region.”
BackgroundUncovering ergative use in Murrinhpatha: Evidence from experimental data
Nordlinger, R., & Kidd, E. (2023) · Australian Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.1080/07268602.2023.2222086 · Cited by 4
“…racheln@unimelb.edu.au linguists, current psycholinguistic theories are based on a very typologically restricted empirical base (Evans & Levinson, 2009), which must be expanded to develop truly explanatory mechanistic theories of language use (Kidd & Garcia, 2022; Norcliffe et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBilingual mothers and children gesture differently across native and second languages
Rochanavibhata, S., Chuang, J. Y.-C., & Marian, V. (2023) · Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech · doi:10.1558/jmbs.23492 · Cited by 4
A corpus-assisted discourse study of parental concerns regarding multilingual child-rearing
Quirk, E., Brouillard, M., Ahooja, A., Ballinger, S., Polka, L., Byers‐Heinlein, K., & Kircher, R. (2024) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2024.2415384 · Cited by 4
Omane, P. O., Boll‐Avetisyan, N., & Benders, T. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100485 · Cited by 3
Castellana, M. A., & Benitez, V. L. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16030473 · Cited by 4
Computational modelling of language acquisition: an introduction
Benders, T., & Blom, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000923000429 · Cited by 3
“The third bias evident in this special issue is the English preponderance in the language-development literature (Cristia et al., 2023; Kidd & Garcia, 2022), with three contributions modelling only the acquisition of English, two including other (Indo-European) languages in addition to English…”
BackgroundEarly number acquisition in bilingual children
Cheung, P., Bourque, T., Ang, D., & Merkley, R. (2025) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101541 · Cited by 3
Late talking in young children in Saudi Arabia: Identifying key risk factors
Almohammadi, A., Alaslani, K., Alroqi, H., Aljahlan, Y., Alsulaiman, R., Albeeshi, A., Murad, A., & Alnemary, F. M. (2025) · First Language · doi:10.1177/01427237251313562 · Cited by 3
An ethics for linguistics? What, why, and how?
Terkourafi, M. (2025) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2024-0159 · Cited by 3
How the perception of events in children is influenced by language
Golinkoff, R. M., Katz, S., Jo, J., Singh, L., Collins, M. A., & Hirsh‐Pasek, K. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106123 · Cited by 3
Alaslani, K., Alroqi, H., Almohammadi, A., Aljahlan, Y., Alsulaiman, R., Albeeshi, A., Murad, A., & Alnemary, F. M. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00460-3 · Cited by 4
Four Decades of Open Language Science: The CHILDES Project
Kempe, V., Brooks, P. J., & Gillis, S. A. (2024) · Language Teaching Research Quarterly · doi:10.32038/ltrq.2024.44.04 · Cited by 3
Cao, A., Lewis, M. L., Tsuji, S., Bergmann, C., Cristià, A., & Frank, M. C. (2025) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70028 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Kidd, E., & Garcia, R.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kidd, Evan
- Venue
- First Language
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-01-28
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 703-735
- ISSN
- 0142-7237 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-2344
- OpenAlex
- W4225079082
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 32
- FWCI
- 88.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- First Language (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (CE140100041)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Studies
- Keywords
- child language acquisition, typological diversity, language documentation, endangered languages, multilingualism, Indo-European languages, Global North bias, research representativeness, linguistic typology
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