Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science
Open accessAbstract
English is the dominant language in the study of human cognition and behavior: the individuals studied by cognitive scientists, as well as most of the scientists themselves, are frequently English speakers. However, English differs from other languages in ways that have consequences for the whole of the cognitive sciences, reaching far beyond the study of language itself. Here, we review an emerging body of evidence that highlights how the particular characteristics of English and the linguistic habits of English speakers bias the field by both warping research programs (e.g., overemphasizing features and mechanisms present in English over others) and overgeneralizing observations from English speakers' behaviors, brains, and cognition to our entire species. We propose mitigating strategies that could help avoid some of these pitfalls.
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More fine-grained linguistic phenomena differ widely across languages and often deviate from findings in English.
“Nevertheless, more fine-grained phenomena differ widely across languages and often deviate from findings in English. 75,91-93”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
The study's focus on English implies that results should be interpreted with caution when applied outside the English-language news domain.
“While this choice is common in various language-related fields, including cognitive science (Blasi et al. 2022), it implies interpreting our results with caution when applying them outside the context of the English language and the news domain.”
From Contrasting Linguistic Patterns in Human and LLM-Generated News Text (2024) · cites this paper as Blasi et al. 2022
Models like GPT have been trained chiefly on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) people's textual data primarily in English, perpetuating the English-centricity of psychology.
“Models like GPT have been trained chiefly on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic; (32)) people’s textual data primarily in English, perpetuating the English-centricity of psychology (33), hindering efforts to take linguistic diversity seriously.”
From Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
English dominates research on neurocognition in general and on neurodegeneration in particular.
“Nevertheless, it dominates research on neurocognition, in general, 75 and on neurodegeneration, in particular (Fig. 1C).”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Myriad phonological, orthographic, morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic systems, and their interfaces with non-linguistic mechanisms, differ radically between English and most of the world's languages.
“More generally, myriad phonological, orthographic, morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic systems, as well as their interfaces with non-linguistic mechanisms, differ radically be tween English and most of the world's languages. 75,92”
From Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
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Self-citation
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- Authors
- Blasi, D. E., Henrich, J., Adamou, E., Kemmerer, D., & Majid, A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blasi, Damián E.
- Majid, Asifa
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1153-1170
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4306247398
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 11.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Harvard University
- Kempe Foundation
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-0083, ANR-10)
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
- Keywords
- English language, language bias, cognitive science, overgeneralization, language and cognition, cross-cultural generalizability, research bias, linguistic habits, mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Humans, Language, Linguistics, Cognitive Science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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