The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why Individuals Protest the Perceived Transgressions of Their Country: The Role of Anger, Shame, and Guilt
Abstract
The present research examined emotions as predictors of opposition to policies and actions of one's country that are perceived to be illegitimate. Two studies investigated the political implications of American (Study 1) and British (Study 2) citizens' anger, guilt, and shame responses to perceived harm caused by their countries' occupation of Iraq. In both studies, a manipulation of pervasive threat to the country's image increased participants' shame but not guilt. The emotions predicted political action intentions to advocate distinct opposition strategies. Shame predicted action intentions to advocate withdrawal from Iraq. Anger predicted action intentions to advocate compensation to Iraq, confrontation of agents responsible, and withdrawal from Iraq. Anger directed at different targets (ingroup, ingroup representative, and outgroup representative) predicted action intentions to support distinct strategies (Study 2). Guilt did not independently predict any political action intentions. Implications for the study of political action and emotions in intergroup contexts are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & ter Schure, E. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212 · Cited by 2,379
Guilt: An interpersonal approach
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.243 · Cited by 1,884 · cited 1×
“Although other research has linked guilt to compensation motivations (e.g., Baumeister et al., 1994; Doosje et al., 1998), the present data suggest that guilt is not the most powerful predictor of political action because its effects were not independent of the other emotions in the models (see…”
BackgroundAre shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?
Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256 · Cited by 1,556
Basics of Structural Equation Modeling
Maruyama, G. (1998) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483345109 · Cited by 1,516
Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion.
Averill, J. R. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.11.1145 · Cited by 1,227
Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions.
Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.206 · Cited by 1,161
Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history.
Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.4.872 · Cited by 1,061
Cited by
Stanley, S. K., Hogg, T. L., Leviston, Z., & Walker, I. (2021) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003 · Cited by 715
Meek, W. R., Pacheco, D. F., & York, J. G. (2010) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.007 · Cited by 558
Social Functionality of Human Emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., & Brauer, M. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605 · Cited by 490
Brady, W. J., Crockett, M. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620917336 · Cited by 417
Subašić, E., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308323223 · Cited by 408
Metadata
- Authors
- Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 572-587
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W1974808632
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 48.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Why Individuals Protest the Perceived Transgressions of Their Country: The Role of Anger, Shame, and Guilt. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/0146167206297402
- The paper
- Iyer, A., Schmader, T., & Lickel, B. (2007). Why Individuals Protest the Perceived Transgressions of Their Country: The Role of Anger, Shame, and Guilt. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297402
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
