Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?

Tangney, June Price; Miller, Rowland S.; Flicker, Laura; Barlow, Deborah Hill

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256

Cited by 1,556Emotions and Moral BehaviorForgiveness and Related BehaviorsPersonality Traits and Psychology

Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?

Tangney, June Price, Miller, Rowland S., Flicker, Laura, Barlow, Deborah Hill·1996·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256

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Abstract

182 undergraduates described personal embarrassment, shame, and guilt experiences and rated these experiences on structural and phenomenological dimensions. Contrary to popular belief, shame was no more likely than guilt to be experienced in "public" situations; all 3 emotions typically occurred in social contexts, but a significant proportion of shame and guilt events occurred when respondents were alone. Analyses of participants' phenomenological ratings clearly demonstrated that shame, guilt, and embarrassment are not merely different terms for the same affective experience. In particular, embarrassment was a relatively distant neighbor of shame and guilt, and the differences among the 3 could not be explained simply by intensity of affect or by degree of moral transgression. Finally, participants generally were their own harshest critics in each type of event, evaluating themselves more negatively than they believed others did.

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Shame is closely related to guilt but can be differentiated from it: guilt focuses on the person transgressed or the relationship affected and pushes us to repair damage, whereas shame encourages withdrawal and retreat.
“Shame is closely related to guilt, but can be differentiated from it. In guilt, focus is typically on the person who was transgressed or the relationship that was affected, rather than the self (Tangney et al., 1996). Guilt pushes us out into the world, in an attempt to activate efforts to repair the damage by either reparative action or punishment (Tangney et al., 1996). In contrast, shame”
From Is Shame Hallucinogenic? (2017) · cites this paper as Tangney et al., 1996
Shame is associated with a desire to hide.
“It is therefore unsurprising that shame is associated with a desire to hide (Tangney et al., 1996).”
From Is Shame Hallucinogenic? (2017) · cites this paper as Tangney et al., 1996

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Sabini, J. P., Garvey, B., & Hall, A. L. (2016)

Authors: Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
ORCID: Tangney, June Price
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 70
Issue: 6
Pages: 1256-1269
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1256
OpenAlex: W4241650702
Cited by: 1,556
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 83 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 13.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: shame, guilt, embarrassment, emotion taxonomy
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Emotions, Female, Guilt, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Shame, Social Behavior, Social Environment

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Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions?

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