The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mindfulness and Its Association With Varied Types of Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Self-Determination Theory
Abstract
Mindfulness has been shown to have varied associations with different forms of motivation, leading to a lack of clarity as to how and when it may foster healthy motivational states. Grounded in self-determination theory, the present study proposes a theoretical model for how mindfulness supports different forms of human motivation, and then tests this via meta-analysis. A systematic review identified 89 relevant studies ( N = 25,176), comprising 104 independent data sets and 200 effect sizes. We used a three-level modeling approach to meta-analyze these data. Across both correlational and intervention studies, we found consistent support for mindfulness predicting more autonomous forms of motivation and, among correlational studies, less controlled motivation and amotivation. We conducted moderation analyses to probe heterogeneity in the effects, including bias within studies. We conclude by highlighting substantive and methodological issues that need to be addressed in future research in this area.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This explanation is consistent with recent findings from the perspective of SDT [19, 28, 50, 78] (see also Howell and Buro [31] and Grund and Senker [55] for related findings).”
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Self-citationIntrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 · Cited by 18,666 · cited 1×
“Intrinsic motivation is the most autonomous form of motivation and is the driving force behind engagement in activities out of genuine interest and enjoyment (Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
Self-citationUsing Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 3×
“These differences in definition are reflected in different mindfulness measures, which tap unitary (e.g., Brown & Ryan, 2003), bifactor (e.g., Cardaciotto et al., 2008; Feldman et al., 2007), and multifactor dimensions (e.g., Baer et al., 2006; see Siegling & Petrides, 2014, for a review).”
BackgroundMindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006 · Cited by 6,587 · cited 2×
“In contrast, mindfulness has been linked to a lack of ego-involvement (Heppner et al., 2008) or the transcendence of a narrow, rigid, and conceptualized sense of self (Hayes et al., 2006; Karremans & Papies, 2017; Sahdra et al., 2016; Shapiro et al., 2006).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–182 of 182
From the nest to the world: helicopter parenting and challenges in young adult social integration
Yilmaz, Y., Artan, T., Gurbanova, F. C., & Aliyeva, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1432859 · Cited by 2
Miftachurochmah, Y., Rismayanthi, C., Mulyawan, R., & Pamungkas, G. (2025) · Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports · doi:10.15561/26649837.2025.0308 · Cited by 2
Hontoy, L.-M., Joussemet, M., Robichaud, J., Mageau, G. A., & Grégoire, S. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-025-10150-0 · Cited by 1
Kaya, D., & Yiğit, E. Ö. (2025) · ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi (ODÜSOBİAD) · doi:10.48146/odusobiad.1726152 · Cited by 1
Kıvrak, F. H., Adarves‐Yorno, I., & Arslan, M. (2025) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2025.2473299 · Cited by 2
Martins, C. S., Brás, M. S. V., Antunes, J. P. T., Nunes, M. C. D. O. S., Guedes, C. D. S., & Carmo, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_5 · Cited by 1
Jayes, J. D., Said, N. B., Din, W. A., & Soekarno, M. (2022) · International Journal of Education Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.35631/ijepc.748019 · Cited by 2
Wilinda, N., & Salim, R. M. A. (2023) · JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi · doi:10.21009/jppp.121.08 · Cited by 2
Sağlık örgütlerinde bilinçli farkındalık ve ego sağlamlığının iş tatminine etkisi
Doğan, H. B. (2023) · Journal of Awareness · doi:10.26809/joa.2191 · Cited by 1
Rahmadini, R., & Salim, R. M. A. (2023) · Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan · doi:10.23887/jppp.v7i3.58907 · Cited by 1
Yamaya, N., Hashimoto, T., Ikeda, S., Denilson Brilliant, T., Tsujimoto, M., Nakagawa, S., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120709 · Cited by 3
Saini, D. (2024) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-03-2024-4347 · Cited by 1
Lathabhavan, R., & Mehendale, S. (2025) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-12-2024-0216 · Cited by 1
Investigating the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Motivation
Smyth, A. P. J. (2020) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2020-14267 · Cited by 1
Observed Mindfulness Measure (OMM)
Bartlett, L., Martin, A. J., Sanderson, K. A., & Neil, A. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_89-1 · Cited by 1
Six Ways to Well-Being (6W-WeB)
Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., & Sahdra, B. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_67-1
Self-citationThe significance of psychological safety — The exploration of a moderated-mediation model
Sun, T. (2023) · Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review · doi:10.22495/cgobrv7i2p8 · Cited by 5
Six Ways to Well-Being (6W-WeB)
Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., & Sahdra, B. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_67-2
Self-citationSelbstmotivation bei Gesundheitsfachkräften
von Boros, L., & Helmreich, I. (2023) · Im OP · doi:10.1055/a-2017-0907
Sullivan, M., Cloonan, S., Huberty, J., & Stecher, C. D. (2023) · doi:10.2196/preprints.47772
Saputra, J. C. (2022) · Jurnal Nyanadassana Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Sosial dan Keagamaan · doi:10.59291/jnd.v1i1.10
Thomson, J. S. H., & Hedger, S. C. V. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zwbhe
Chang, Y.-F. (2023) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2023.2285235
Twine, C., Naidoo, S., Makhalemele, T., & Staden, I. P.-V. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.04
Malindi, M. J., Hay, J. F., & Makhalemele, T. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.00
Supporting holistic well-being in the early years during a pandemic and beyond
Koen, M., Esterhuizen, S., Theron, H., Mohosho, N., & Lunga, P. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.07
Preston, L. D., van der Merwe, W., Fouché, E., & Ramadie, K. J. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.03 · Cited by 1
Towards a holistic theoretical approach to learner development in the midst of and post-COVID-19
Hay, J. F., Rens, J., Malindi, M. J., & Toit, D. D. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.01
Spiritual and religious development of learners amidst the COVID-19 pandemic
Botha, L., Botha, C., Louw, H., Rens, J., & Mayimele, R. R. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.05
An integrated vision of overcoming the developmental disruptions of COVID-19
Malindi, M. J., Hay, J. F., & Makhalemele, T. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.10
Toit, D. D., van der Merwe, N., Kemp, C., & Willemse, F. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.02
Kruger, C., Schoonen, A., Lesabe, I. B., Kunene, N. T., & Wessels, E. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.08
Enabling resilience in learners who experienced grief and loss during the COVID-19 pandemic
Malindi, M. J., & Mayimele, R. R. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.09
COVID-19 and the academic development of learners: The need for targeted interventions
Makhalemele, T., Jama, P. P., Masunungure, A., & Modiba, M. R. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk412.06
Sequential Mediating Effect of Transcendental Awareness and Job SecurityPreprint
Baykal, E., Bayraktar, O., & Divrik, B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4876002
Did Anyone Say Mindfulness and Self-compassion in the Capitalist World? Oh No! Wait. Yes, Please!
Pacaci, Y. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2051-233320240000010007
Leading Toward Employee Well-Being: Pathways to Thriving at Work
Decuypere, A. (2024) · Springer studies on populism, identity politics and social justice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69610-7_10
Luo, X., Liu, Y., Chen, Z., Li, H., Zhu, L., & Yuan, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5125760
Zeng, P.-Y., & Yeh, S. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02534-7
Six Ways to Well-Being (6W-WeB)
Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., & Sahdra, B. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_67
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Creative Self-Concept and Creative Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model
Wang, Q., Xu, Z., & Zhu, Q. (2025) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2025.2529720
Introduction: Marketing and the Illusion of Choice
Kumar, P., Dadwal, S. S., Modi, S., Ghouri, A. M., & Jahankhani, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94946-3_1
Self-Determination as a Mediator Between Mindfulness and Perfectionism in Theory and Practice
Antunes, J. P. T., de Jesús, S. N., Brás, M. S. V., & Carmo, C. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251351185
Mindfulness and Healthy Self-Regulation: A Self-Determination Theory View
Donald, J. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationThe role of frustrated needs in predicting distress and hopelessness: mediation of mindfulness
Turan, N. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/21507686.2025.2570648 · Cited by 1
Scuotto, C., Sapone, C., & Triberti, S. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05778-5_7
Qi, H., Liu, X., Jiang, F., & Qu, D. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02679-5
Khalil, A., Azhar, Z. I., Chen, X. W., & Shuib, N. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104743
Harits, A. O. I., Harahap, F., & Asih, S. T. (2025) · Journal Evaluation in Education (JEE) · doi:10.37251/jee.v6i4.2170 · Cited by 1
Gözütok, E. N., & Gözütok, A. S. (2025) · Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.46778/goputeb.1772648
Mindfulness and Motivational Conflict: Discovering the Diagnostic Function of Feeling Torn
Grund, A., Senker, K., & Galla, B. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_10
The Impact of a Mindfulness Intervention on Goal CommitmentPreprint
Squadrito, C., & Schutte, N. S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8273950/v1
Using SDT to Enhance Mindfulness Practice for Students Coping in Higher Education
Naidu, S., & Roman, N. V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_6
Marion-Jetten, A. S., Taylor, G., & Schattke, K. P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_11
Trait Mindfulness is Related to Financial Debt
Seiler, P., Gagné, M., Webb, D., & Kunalingham, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_10 · Cited by 1
Mindfulness and Psychological Growth
Wajanatinapart, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_12
Malboeuf‐Hurtubise, C., Taylor, G., Smith, J., & Joussemet, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3133-2_2
Kaya, D., & Yiğit, E. Ö. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Hayes, L., & Ciarrochi, J. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780190880507.003.0010 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDevelopment and Initial Validation of the Mindful Self-Regulated Learning Scale (m-SRLS)
Wolff, S. M. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02754-x
Mussel, S., Spitz, É., Eby, E., Rat, A. C., Rotonda, C., & Fall, E. (2026) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2026.109558
Mindfulness and breathing exercises reduce stress and support goal progress
Kappes, C., Heier, C., & Schad, D. J. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10217-6
Bunjak, A., Hafenbrack, A., Černe, M., & Bortoluzzi, G. (2026) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.70056
Results control and introjected motivation: the case of academia
Englund, H., & Gerdin, J. (2026) · Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management · doi:10.1108/qram-10-2024-0225 · Cited by 1
What predicts meditation app engagement? an evaluation of user characteristics and motivation
Sullivan, M., Cloonan, S., Huberty, J., & Stecher, C. D. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2026.2648854
Liu, X., Liu, Q., & Liu, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1789515
Assem, B. V. D., & Passmore, J. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394292806.ch36
Buddhist Values and Farmers’ Concerns, Adaptation, and Well-being in the Context of Climate Change
Masoomi, E., Masoomi, M., & Tamaddondar, H. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02880-0
Hamerla, A., Gawron, J., Szydłowski, R., Bodera, M., Porwolik, H., Hamerla, D., Czarnecki, B., Kaźmierska, A., & Grajcarek, Ł. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.4759
Mindfulness Moderates Consumer Response to Loud vs. Quiet Luxury Advertising: Status by Design
Errmann, A., Voyer, B., & Giroux, M. (2026) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.2026.2682651
Fourati-Jamoussi, F., Kažys, J., Munthiu, M.-C., & Couchy-Burcke, K. (2026) · World sustainability series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-23017-1_20
Bradshaw, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80686-869-820261005
Self-citationCasali, N., Meneghetti, C., Hirschi, A., & Pang, D. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01089-1
Nuss, K. J., Brice, A. N., Sullivan, T., Chirico, N., Held, S. L., & Poirier, A. (2026) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276261481490
Li, H., Wang, Y., Li, X., Montag, C., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00488
Pro-social behavior support in preschool education: approaches, practices, and a model
Belyaevskaya, E. S., & Константиновна, Н. А. (2026) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2026150309
Indraprasta, B. R., Ernawati, E., & Joewono, H. T. (2026) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v11i2.3176
Gülden, Ç. (2026) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1954914
Tosun, P., Güner, E., Fidanci, A., & Gürce, M. Y. (2026) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-026-00561-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Donald, J. N., Bradshaw, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Basarkod, G., Ciarrochi, J., Duineveld, J. J., Guo, J., & Sahdra, B. K.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Donald, James N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-12-30
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1121-1138
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2997194387
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 1.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness, motivation, self-determination theory, autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, amotivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Personal Autonomy, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
