Gender and Age Stereotypes of Emotionality
Abstract
This study examined the content of adults' stereotypes about sex differences in both the experience and the expression of emotions and investigated how these beliefs vary with the age of the target person. Four hundred college students (200 men and 200 women) judged the frequency with which they believed males or females in one of five age groups (infants, preschoolers, elementary schoolers, adolescents, and adults) typically feel and express 25 different emotions. It was found that adults' gender-emotion stereotypes held for both basic and nonbasic emotions and appear to be based on a deficit model of male emotional expressiveness (i.e., a belief that males do not express the emotions they feel). Moreover, these beliefs about sex differences in emotionality refer primarily to adolescents and adults. It was concluded that gender-emotion stereotypes are complex and that there may be an age-of-target bias in the evaluation of others' emotions.
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Perceptions of gender differences in emotional responding constitute one of the most robust gender stereotypes.
“Perceptions of gender differences in emotional responding constitute one of the most robust gender stereotypes there is (Fabes & Martin, 1991; Fischer, 1993; Grossman & Wood, 1993; Hess et al., 2000; Plant, Hyde, Keltner, & Devine, 2000; Timmers, Fischer, & Manstead, 2003).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Fabes & Martin, 1991
Cites
Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061 · Cited by 3,072 · see citing works
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Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088035 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Brescoll, V. L. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.005 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
An fMRI study of cytokine-induced depressed mood and social pain: The role of sex differences
Eisenberger, N. I., Inagaki, T. K., Rameson, L. T., Mashal, N. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.040 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Nostalgia a psychological perspective
Batcho, K. I. (1995) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Gender differences in self-reports of depression: the response bias hypothesis revisited.
Sigmon, S. T., Pells, J. J., Boulard, N. E., Whitcomb-Smith, S., Edenfield, T. M., Hermann, B. A., LaMattina, S. M., Schartel, J. G., & Kubik, E. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-6762-3 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fabes, R. A., & Martin, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1991-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 532-540
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2163481013
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- gender stereotypes, age stereotypes, emotionality, sex differences in emotion, emotional expression, emotional experience, basic emotions
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