Neuroendocrinology of the Pituitary Gland
Open accessAbstract
The hypophysial-portal chemotransmitter hypothesis of control of the anterior pituitary was first set forth in the 1940s on the basis of physiological studies of the effects of lesions of the hypothalamus, and of section of the pituitary stalk on pituitary function. Morphological demonstration of specific neuropeptide pathways in the hypothalamus, which project to the median eminence, and the chemical identification of releasing hormones in the hypothalamus have fully established this theory. Specific neuropeptides have been isolated which stimulate the secretion of ACTH (CRF, corticotrophin releasing hormone), TSH (TRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone), GH (GHRH, growth hormone releasing hormone), and the gonadotropins (LHRH, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin releasing hormone). Prolactin secretion is regulated by both an inhibitory hormone (dopamine), and by one or more releasing factors. A factor inhibitory to GH and TSH secretion has also been identified. All factors except for the prolactin inhibitory hormone (which is a biogenic amine) are peptides, all synthesized as part of large prohormones. These substances have all been introduced into medical and veterinary practice where they are useful for regulation of pituitary abnormalities, and study of normal physiology.
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Deficiencies of these hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones result in central adrenal insufficiency (AI), GH deficiency (GHD), central hypothyroidism, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
“Deficiencies of these hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones result in central adrenal insufficiency (AI), GH deficiency (GHD), central hypothyroidism, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism”
From Approach to the patient with acquired hypothalamic syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
In prepubertal age children, hypothalamic injury can also disrupt typical pubertal timing and precipitate early or precocious puberty.
“in prepubertal age children, hypothalamic injury can also disrupt typical pubertal timing and precipitate early or precocious puberty (13)”
From Approach to the patient with acquired hypothalamic syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
The Abstract (page unavailable) says hypothalamic lesions affect pituitary function and identifies hypothalamic factors that stimulate gonadotropin secretion. Neither it nor the other retrieved passages addresses pubertal timing or precocious puberty in prepubertal children (searched: precocious puberty, hypothalamic injury, puberty and hypothalamic lesions). (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Besser GM and Cudworth AG (eds) (1987). Neuroen- docrine control of pituitary function. In: Clinical En- docrinology. Gower Medical Publishing Limited, Lon- don, UK, pp. 1.1-1.14.
- Martin JB, Reichlin S, and Davis FA (eds) (1987). Clinical hreirroendocrinology, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.
- Reichlin S (1 985). Neuroendocrinology. In: IViIlium Textbook of Endocrinology, 7th ed., JD Wilson and DW Foster (eds). W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 4.
- Reichlin S (1988). Neuroendocrine significance of PA, pp. 492-561.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hypogonadism after traumatic brain injury
Hohl, A., Mazzuco, T. L., Coral, M. H. C., Schwarzbold, M., & Walz, R. (2009) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302009000800003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Approach to the patient with acquired hypothalamic syndrome
Grishman, E. K., & McCormack, S. E. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag197
- Authors
- Reichlin, S.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reichlin, Seymour
- Venue
- Toxicologic Pathology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1989-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 250-255
- ISSN
- 0192-6233 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2126658605
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Toxicologic Pathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- anterior pituitary, neuroendocrinology, median eminence, neuropeptides, ACTH, CRF, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prolactin, dopamine, prohormone, hypothalamic lesions, pituitary stalk
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Neurosecretory Systems, Pituitary Gland
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