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Designing and Conducting Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Surveys in Psychiatry: Practical Guidance
Open accessAbstract
Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) surveys are popular in health care because they provide useful information and appear easy to design and execute. There are subtleties, however, in such surveys that early career researchers need to be aware of. This article does not provide a detailed review of the subject, nor does it address theory; rather, it provides practical guidance on matters such as identifying the need for the survey; defining the target population; preparing the questions that address knowledge, attitudes, and practice; preparing options for the answers to the items in the questionnaire; deciding how to score the instrument and analyze the results; and validating the instrument. Specific examples are presented to help readers understand and apply the guidance in various contexts.
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“The model suggests that knowledge serves as the precursor to attitude formation, and attitudes, in turn, drive behavioral practice (Andrade et al., 2020; Salama et al., 2025).”
From A two-step structural equation modeling and explainable machine learning framework for understanding university students’ adoption of generative AI: balancing intrinsic motivations and perceived risks (2026) · cites this paper as Andrade et al., 2020
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Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083 · Cited by 1,759
Beliefs, Attitudes and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change
Fichter, J. H., & Rokeach, M. (1972) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.2307/3509738 · Cited by 1,386
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China
Zhang, M., Zhou, M., Tang, F., Wang, Y., Nie, H., Zhang, L., & You, G. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.012 · Cited by 889
Rasch Analysis for Instrument Development: Why, When, and How?
Boone, W. J. (2016) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-04-0148 · Cited by 701
Attitude, practice, behavior, and mental health impact of COVID-19 on doctors
Bhattacharyya, R., Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Gupta, S., Das, S., & Banerjee, B. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_333_20 · Cited by 190
An introduction to Rasch analysis for Psychiatric practice and research
da Rocha, N. S., Chachamovich, E., Fleck, M. P. D. A., & Tennant, A. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.014 · Cited by 100
Introduction to Health Research Methods
Jacobsen, K. H. (2016) · Cited by 29
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2008, Advocacy, communication and social mobilization for TB control: a guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice surveys
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Yu, S., Abbas, J., Drăghici, A., NEGULESCU, O. H., & Ain, N. U. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903082 · Cited by 186
ChecKAP: A Checklist for Reporting a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Study
Zarei, F., Dehghani, A., Ratansiri, A., Ghaffari, M., Raina, S. K., Halimi, A., Rakhshanderou, S., Isamel, S., Amiri, P., Aminafshar, A., et al. (2024) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.7.2573 · Cited by 126
Liao, X., Nguyen, T. P. L., & Sasaki, N. (2022) · Regional Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.regsus.2022.03.005 · Cited by 131
Pokrivcakova, S. (2023) · Journal of language and cultural education · doi:10.2478/jolace-2023-0031 · Cited by 81
Somerwill, L., & Wehn, U. (2022) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-022-00596-1 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrade, C., Menon, V., Ameen, S., & Kumar Praharaj, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- St. Thomas Hospital, Changanacherry, Kerala, India.
- Dept of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
- Corresponding author
- Menon, Vikas
- Venue
- Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-08-27
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 478-481
- ISSN
- 0253-7176 (ISSN-L)
- 0975-1564
- PMC
- PMC7750837
- OpenAlex
- W3082274149
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 183 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 46.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- survey design, questionnaire development, instrument validation, target population selection, psychiatric research, early-career researchers
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