BELIEVE: Privacy-Aware Secure Multi-Party Computation for Real-Time Connected and Autonomous Vehicles and Micro-Mobility Data Validation Using Blockchain—A Study on New York City Data
Abstract
Connected and autonomous vehicles, as well as micro-mobility devices (e-scooters, e-bikes, and smartphones), constantly generate tremendous amounts of mobility data, comprising spatio-temporal trajectories and other sensory data, the sharing of which can assist in different safety and intelligent transportation system applications. However, constant sharing of such data for real-time mobility decisions could violate the privacy of respective users. At the same time, malicious users could generate and share false data, which would be potentially harmful for stakeholders relying on this data for their safety and mobility decisions. In this paper, we propose a new framework: Blockchain-Enabled Location Identification and Efficient Validation with Encryption” (BELIEVE)—a blockchain-based platform with multi-party computation (MPC)—to securely validate data from a mobility source without violating the user’s privacy. The smart contractin BELIEVE first enables a source to initiate the mobility data validation process, then enables mobile peers in the vicinity to reach a consensus on the data validation using MPC without requiring the source to share raw data, thereby preserving the user’s privacy. The spatio-temporal validation is then updated on a distributed ledger (Inter Planetary File System) as an immutable transaction. Real-time data validation is challenging, considering constant mobility alongside the reduction of resource consumption at the devices and, therefore, to addre…
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It employed a privacy-by-design approach utilizing encrypted distance-based computations for mobility data validation through a Proof-of-Presence (PoP) consensus mechanism.
“It employed a privacy-by-design approach utilizing encrypted distance-based computations for mobility data validation through a Proofof-Presence (PoP) consensus mechanism.”
From Privacy-preserving Machine Learning in Internet of Vehicle Applications: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Future Direction (2025) · cites this paper as [60]
BELIEVE is a blockchain-enabled framework that utilizes SMPC to ensure privacy-preserving real-time validation.
“It is also a blockchain-enabled framework that utilizes SMPC to ensure privacy-preserving real-time validation.”
From Privacy-preserving Machine Learning in Internet of Vehicle Applications: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Future Direction (2025) · cites this paper as [60]
Authors in [60] introduced BELIEVE framework to validate mobility data on the IoV ecosystem.
“To validate mobility data on the IoV ecosystem, the authors in [60] introduced BELIEVE framework.”
From Privacy-preserving Machine Learning in Internet of Vehicle Applications: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Future Direction (2025) · cites this paper as [60]
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- Authors
- Khan, J. A., Wang, W., & Ozbay, K.
- Affiliations
- Western Washington University (US)
- New York University (US)
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University (NYU), Brooklyn, NY
- Corresponding author
- Khan, Junaid Ahmed
- Venue
- Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-06-22
- Volume
- 2678
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 410-421
- ISSN
- 0361-1981 (ISSN-L)
- 2169-4052
- OpenAlex
- W4381730656
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 4.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- New York University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Keywords
- multi-party computation, blockchain, connected and autonomous vehicles, micromobility, electric scooters, electric bicycles, spatio-temporal trajectories, smart contracts, IPFS, false data detection, consensus, New York City
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