Young Women’s Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Patterns Across Multiple Relationships

“…noncompliance, is a key form of IPV victimization among adult women; it frequently cooccurs with other IPV types and serves as a linchpin in how we conceptualize the gendered abuse women experience (Catallozzi, Simon, Davidson, Breitbart, & Rickert, 2011; Dutton & Goodman, 2005; J. Miller, 2006).”

“…to 58% of IPV relationships, and a particularly insidious form of IPV that likely has more severe mental health implications than situational psychological IPV, or even physical IPV that is not embedded in the context of coercive control (Crossman et al., 2016; Kennedy et al., 2018; Stark, 2007).”

“Michael’s abuse extended to denying Terry access to their shared finances throughout the marriage, forcing her to have sex with him against her will, and openly having affairs with other women.”

“…are also expected to be longer relationships in which the likelihood of confronting conflictive couple situations is higher and IPV is likely to occur more often (Cooper et al., 2020; Juarros-Basterretxea, Ocampo, et al., 2022; Kennedy et al., 2018; Lafontaine et al., 2020; Swiatlo et al., 2020).”

“%) and physical and sexual IPV with coercive control (19%; Kennedy et al., 2018).”

“As a result, she may not label her experience as abusive, or may minimize it, and thus fail to disclose and attain effective help (Kennedy et al., 2018; Toscano, 2007;Wood et al., 2010).”

“In addition to the association between TGBs and mental health outcomes, an important finding was the association found between TGBs and IPV.”

“As we described in our first LHC study with this sample of young women (Kennedy et al., 2018), the LHC enables improved accuracy in measuring the timing of participants’ experiences through the use of landmarks (i.”

“Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts an estimated 1 in 4 women in their lifetimes with coercive control and physical IPV among the most common experiences (Black et al., 2011; Kennedy, 2018).”

“…seems probable that for some survivors of this type of assault, the rape occurred within the context of other forms of relationship abuse/ violence (Kennedy et al., 2018), which may further explain the association of membership in this class with elevated depression and PTSD symptomology, as well…”

“We measured coercive control via an adapted scale (Kennedy et al., 2018) asking, “ In the last 12 months, did your partner… ” with seven response items, including “ Try to keep you from doing what you wanted to do?”

“…prolonged exposure to aggression throughout different relationships over the acceptance of the aggression as a proper way of solving disagreements, and the subsequent increase in the severity and frequency of the victimization in young and adult victims (Kennedy et al., 2018; Ybarra et al., 2016).”

“Also, young women under aged 25 remain at the highest risk of experiencing IPV (e.g., Kennedy et al., 2018), with rates during that time ranging between 13% to 40% (Kann et al., 2014; Savage, 2021).”

“In all models, relationship length and drug use were controlled for by grand centering the variables and including drug use in level 1, and relation - ship length in level 2, because these are two known cor - relates of IPA perpetration (Ganson et al., 2021 ; Kennedy et al., 2018 ).”

“Research with young cisgender heterosexual women has similarly found longer relationships to be associated with a greater likelihood of IPV victimization but that experiencing IPV victimization in one relationship had no association with likelihood of experiencing it in the next (Kennedy et al., 2018).”

“Researchers have also used the LHC to examine the impact of relationship factors (e.g., length of relationship, age difference between participants and their partners) on trajectories of IPV victimization and disclosure across multiple relationships (Kennedy et al., 2018, 2022).”

“Physical changes are accompanied by psychological and psychosocial growth, with the latter becoming especially important in adolescence as social relationships take on greater importance (Kennedy et al., 2018; Orben et al., 2020).”

“Dating violence among college students is estimated to range from 10% to 50% (Kaukinen et al. 2012; Paat and Markham 2019) and 70% of women reported that their first victimization occurred before age 24 (Black et al. 2011; Kennedy et al. 2018; Paat and Markham 2019).”

“The life-history calendar is a format that has been used to collect rich qualitative data in a methodologically rigorous manner with women about their experiences including pivotal and co-occurring life events (Kennedy et al., 2018).”

“While leaving is not always successful at preventing further violence, other studies t l. 17 NP21136 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(21-22) have reported that shorter duration of relationships with partners is associated with less violence exposure (Dawson et al., 2009; Kennedy et al., 2018).”

“Past research has found that relationships that were longer in duration were associated with an increased risk of IPV among adolescents and young adults (Gaertner & Foshee, 1999; Kennedy et al., 2018), and adult women (Brown & Bulanda, 2008; Kernsmith & Craun, 2008).”