Cited by 462COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutOccupational Health and Burnout

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Psychological Effects of the SARS Outbreak in Hong Kong on High-Risk Health Care Workers

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Chua, Siew E, Cheung, Vinci, Cheung, Charlton, McAlonan, Grainne M, Wong, Josephine WS, Cheung, Erik PT, Chan, Marco TY, Wong, Michael MC, Tang, Siu W, Choy, Khai M, Wong, Meng K, Chu, Chung M, Tsang, Kenneth WT·2004·The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1177/070674370404900609

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Abstract

Objective: To quantify stress and the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on high-risk health care workers (HCWs). Method: We evaluated 271 HCWs from SARS units and 342 healthy control subjects, using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to assess stress levels and a structured list of putative psychological effects of SARS to assess its psychological effects. Healthy control subjects were balanced for age, sex, education, parenthood, living circumstances, and lack of health care experience. Results: Stress levels were raised in both groups (PSS = 18) but were not relatively increased in the HCWs. HCWs reported significantly more positive (94%, n = 256) and more negative psychological effects (89%, n = 241) from SARS than did control subjects. HCWs declared confidence in infection-control measures. Conclusions: In HCWs, adaptive responses to stress and the positive effects of infection control training may be protective in future outbreaks. Elevated stress in the population may be an important indicator of future psychiatric morbidity.

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Muhamad, N. A., Subhas, N., Mustapha, N., Abdullah, N., Rasat, M. A. M., Ghani, R. M. A., Tahir, F. A., Ishak, A. N. I., Sivasubramaniam, V., Hassan, A., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001823 · Cited by 1
A Review of the Mental Health Sequelae of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Preparedness Perspective
Metellus, P., Jegede, O. O., Brown, C., Qureshi, D., & Nkemjika, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.37643 · Cited by 1
“HCWs reported significantly more positive (94%, n = 256) mental disorders and more negative psychological effects (89%, n = 241) from SARS as compared to control subjects [29].”
Result
The Psychological Impact and Associated Factors of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Providers at Chainama Psychiatry Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
Musonda, E., Petlovanyi, P., Tsarkov, A., Phiri, C., Mpundu, G., Kunda, E. M., Kunda, R., Lungu, F., & Kamanga, N. (2023) · European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejmed.2023.5.4.1771 · Cited by 1
Hong Kong
Chen, J., Chan, L., & Chin, W. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192864871.003.0012 · Cited by 1
Prevalência de Ansiedade e Depressão em profissionais de Enfermagema na Pandemia da COVID-19
Nobre, F. A. D. P., de Albuquerque, M. C. D. S., & JUNIOR, C. R. C. (2024) · Mosaico · doi:10.21727/rm.v15i1.3866 · Cited by 1
An Added Challenge Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Critical Care Nurses Facing a Mental Health Crisis
Karanikola, M. N. K., & Papathanassoglou, E. D. E. (2020) · Connect The World of Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1891/wfccn-d-20-00020 · Cited by 2
Evaluation Of Anxiety, Depression and Stress Levels On Intensive Care Medical Personnel For Covid-19 Patients
Sarı, A. C., Sertçelik, S., Efendioğlu, M., Kaymakçı, A., & Ekinci, O. (2020) · Journal of Cardio-Vascular-Thoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Society · doi:10.5222/gkdad.2020.69345 · Cited by 1
“high-risk situations exhibited psychological symptoms [5].”
Result
The management and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in a series of neurosurgical patients
Farahbakhsh, F., Rostami, M., Khoshnevisan, A., Naderian, N., Ghorbani, M., Fehlings, M. G., & Rahimi‐Movaghar, V. (2021) · Asian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.4103/ajns.ajns_187_20 · Cited by 2
REPERCUSSÕES DA PANDEMIA DO NOVO CORONAVIRUS SOBRE OS PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE NO HOSPITAL DO SERVIDOR PÚBLICO MUNICIPAL, OPÇÕES TERAPEUTICAS NA VISÃO DAS PRÁTICAS INTEGRATIVAS E COMPLEMENTARES.
Suzin, J. B., Junior, A. C. S., & Aleixo, P. (2020) · Somanlu - Revista de Estudos Amazônicos · doi:10.29327/233099.20.2-4 · Cited by 1
Psychological Impacts, Hand Hygeine Practices & and Its Correlates in View of Covid-19 among Health Care Professionals in Northern States of India
Sharma, S., Devi, A. M., & Deepak (2021) · Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology · doi:10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14947 · Cited by 2
Mitigation strategies in early phase of COVID-19 pandemic and recovery potential in Nigeria and United States
Ogunyemi, K., Alao, D., Alao, M., & Abiodun, O. (2021) · African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences · Cited by 1
A Qualitative Description of Nurses’ Psychological Responses in Caring for COVID-19 Patients: An Indonesian Context
Ismail, S., Ridlo, M., & Rochana, N. (2021) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/1874434602115010136 · Cited by 2
Évaluation du stress professionnel chez le personnel de la pharmacie hospitalière en situation de la pandémie SARS-COV2 (Covid-19)
Marnissi, S. E., & Cadi, M. A. E. (2021) · Le Pharmacien Clinicien · doi:10.1016/j.phclin.2021.09.005 · Cited by 1
“La certitude des procédures de contrôle des infections peut atténuer une réponse adaptative au stress [29].”
Background
Development and psychometric evaluation of COVID-19 Psychological Burden Scale for Indian Health Care Workers
Chandu, V. C., Lingamaneni, K. P., Baddam, V. R. R., Pachava, S., Marella, Y., & Bommireddy, V. S. (2021) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_71_21 · Cited by 1
The Psychological Experience of Nurses Carrying Out Hemodialysis While Caring for Patients With COVID-19 in Indonesia
Agustiyowati, T. H. R., & Sudirman, S. (2022) · KnE Life Sciences · doi:10.18502/kls.v7i2.10322
Psychological Impact and Social Support Received during COVID-19 among Nursing Students
Hashim, N., Ismail, N. L. N., Anuar, U. N., & Suryanto, S. (2021) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.3060 · Cited by 1
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Meditation as an Intervention for Well-Being in the New Normal of COVID-19: A Review
Veetil, A. K. V., & Pradhan, S. (2022) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-4892-3_14 · Cited by 1
Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Health Care Workers in Tunisia
Jaballah, F., Boudrigua, M. M., Romdhane, I., Ferhi, M., & Nasri, J. (2022) · Current Research in Vaccines Vaccination · doi:10.33140/crvv.01.01.07 · Cited by 1
Frequency of Burnout Syndrome in Doctors during COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Zainab, S. (2023) · Isra Medical Journal · doi:10.55282/imj.oa1357
Assessment of the Psychological Impact and Perceived Stress Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Young Adult Population of India.Preprint
Sreelakshmi, M. S., Haque, I., Bhyan, S. J., Gaur, A., Jain, A., Kumari, A., Thomas, B., Goel, N., & Chauhan, R. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0664.v1 · Cited by 1
“…study demonstrated that 76.4% people are under moderate to severe stress with a mean score of 18.27±6.10 similar to the results (18.5) obtained by (Chua et al. 2004) during the SARS outbreak.12 The results obtained from the study suggested that females and people belonging to a younger age group…”
ResultInfluential
A web survey to assess the perceived mental healthcare among Medical Imaging Professionals during COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Kotian, R. P., Faujdar, D., D’Souza, B., Kotian, S. P., Kunaparaju, S., & David, L. R. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-32519/v1 · Cited by 1
“In a previous study during the acute SARS outbreak, 89% of health care workers who were in high-risk situations reported psychological symptoms (10).”
Background
Effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on the employment intention of medical students in China：A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey (Preprint)Preprint
Wang, C., Xuân, L. T., Zhang, J., Mei, A., Yi, W., Xie, S., Tan, M., Kosasih, S., Chen, L., Wen, J., et al. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.19708 · Cited by 1
Comparison of Fear of COVID-19 in Medical and Nonmedical Personnel in a Public Hospital in Mexico: A Brief Report.Preprint
Barbosa‐Camacho, F. J., García-Reyna, B., Cervantes‐Cardona, G. A., Cervantes‐Pérez, E., Chavarría-Ávila, E., Pintor‐Belmontes, K. J., Guzmán-Ramírez, B. G., Hernández, A. B., Ibarrola‐Peña, J. C., Fuentes‐Orozco, C., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-37662/v2 · Cited by 1
Case Report: Cyanide as an Unrecognized Cause of Neurological Sequelae in a Fire Victim
Baud, F. J., Boukobza, M., & Borron, S. W. (2005) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00015442
REVIEW ARTICLE Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Implications for Infection Control
Wenzel, R. P., Bearman, G. M., & Edmond, M. B. (2005)
Analysis of Coping Ability and Mental Health of Medical Staff on COVID-19 in Henan, ChinaPreprint
Cui, S., Yin, L., Shi, Y., Fan, M., Yang, X. Y., Zhang, L., & Li, L. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39507/v2
“Previous studies showed that exposure to a public health emergency can cause mental health problems, depression and even PTSD[13, 29, 30].”
Background
Psychiatric Intervention and Psychiatrist's Role in the COVID-19 Epicenter-Wuhan: Personal Experience and Perspective
Ding, L. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00033
Coronavirus and Mental health: A Narrative Review Study
Moeini, F., Dowran, B., & Taheri, N. (2020) · Nurse and Physician within War · doi:10.29252/npwjm.8.26.7
Assessing Occupational Stress and Preparedness Among Campus Safety Officers and Dental School Employees at an Academic Medical Center During COVID-19
Banker, D., Baccaglini, L., McCann, M., & Achutan, C. (2022) · Journal of Public Health Issues and Practices · doi:10.33790/jphip1100203 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of Perceived Stress Levels of Radiology Workers Regarding COVID-19 Outbreak
Arslan, H. N., & Soylu, A. İ. (2021) · Bezmialem Science · doi:10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4893
Psychological Wellbeing of Healthcare Workers in Different Hospitals of Karachi (Pakistan) During COVID-19 Pandemic
Muhammad, H. S., Anwar, S., Iqbal, A., & Ahmad, F. (2021) · Asian Journal of Medicine and Health · doi:10.9734/ajmah/2021/v19i530324
“These categories were based on values established in the literature [11-17].”
Background
Asuhan Keperawatan Psikososial Pada Wanita Dewasa Dalam Merawat Pasien Covid Dengan Terapi Dzikir
Arini, L. (2021) · Jurnal Ilmiah Cerebral Medika · doi:10.53475/jicm.v3i1.72
Screening for Mental Health Problems in Epidemics: Is It Justifiable?
Sharifi‎, V., & Mohammadjafari, A. (2021) · Archives of Iranian Medicine · doi:10.34172/aim.2021.91
Essentials to prevent and live with COVID-19: An Explanatory Mixed Method Study at Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Alharthi, M. H. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94123
Stress Among the Nurses and Their Family Involved in COVID-19 Patient Management
Rai, P., Kumari, S., Roy, D., & Sahu, M. K. (2021) · Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_19_21
Anxiety and Perceived Stress among Physicians Working at Cairo University Hospitals Amid COVID-19 Pandemic
Ebrahim, E. E. S., Ahmed, M., Gaber, D. M., & Elnahas, H. G. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94125
“Previous research on HCWs during the acute SARS outbreak, showed that 89% of the participants reported multiple psychological symptoms (13).”
Background
The psychological impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on healthcare workers and ways to adress it
Chehab, A., Bucur, L. E., Dobri, M. L., Moraru, C., & Nechita, P. (2021) · Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry · doi:10.36219/bpi.2021.3.03
Evaluación de aspectos de la salud mental en trabajadores hospitalarios en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19
Tenconi, J. C., Justo, Á., & Harris, M. S. (2021) · Vertex Revista Argentina de Psiquiatría · doi:10.53680/vertex.v32i151.4

Authors: Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., McAlonan, G. M., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P., Chan, M. T., Wong, M. M., Tang, S. W., Choy, K. M., Wong, M. K., Chu, C. M., & Tsang, K. W.
Affiliations: Queen Mary Hospital (CN)
Hospital Authority (HK)
United Christian Hospital (CN)
ORCID: Cheung, Charlton
McAlonan, Grainne M
Wong, Michael MC
Tang, Siu W
Chu, Chung M
Venue: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-06
Volume: 49
Issue: 6
Pages: 391-393
ISSN: 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
1497-0015
DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900609
OpenAlex: W2131841402
Cited by: 462
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 7.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Queen Mary University of London
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
Keywords: SARS, healthcare workers, psychological stress, psychological impact, infection control, infection control training, psychiatric morbidity, outbreak response, Hong Kong
MeSH terms: Adult, Disease Outbreaks, Fatigue, Female, Health Personnel, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Health Behavior, Occupational Exposure, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

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Psychological Effects of the SARS Outbreak in Hong Kong on High-Risk Health Care Workers

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