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Psychological Effects of the SARS Outbreak in Hong Kong on High-Risk Health Care Workers
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To quantify stress and the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on high-risk health care workers (HCWs). Method: We evaluated 271 HCWs from SARS units and 342 healthy control subjects, using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) to assess stress levels and a structured list of putative psychological effects of SARS to assess its psychological effects. Healthy control subjects were balanced for age, sex, education, parenthood, living circumstances, and lack of health care experience. Results: Stress levels were raised in both groups (PSS = 18) but were not relatively increased in the HCWs. HCWs reported significantly more positive (94%, n = 256) and more negative psychological effects (89%, n = 241) from SARS than did control subjects. HCWs declared confidence in infection-control measures. Conclusions: In HCWs, adaptive responses to stress and the positive effects of infection control training may be protective in future outbreaks. Elevated stress in the population may be an important indicator of future psychiatric morbidity.
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“The panic and anxiety caused by the stress response, separate from the emergency, are also common among medical staff (Maunder et al., 2003, Bai et al., 2004, Chua et al., 2004).”
From Mental health status of medical staff in emergency departments during the Coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic in China (2020) · cites this paper as Chua et al., 2004
In the citing paper
“One study (Chua et al., 2004) compared HCWs with healthy controls and found that HCWs were not more stressed than controls (342) but 89% (241 of 271) of HCWs experienced negative psychological symptoms.”
From The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: A rapid systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Chua et al., 2004
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“Similar fi ndings were depicted by HCWs who generally declared con fi dence in infection-control measures (Chua et al., 2004).”
InfluentialSU, T., LIEN, T., YANG, C., SU, Y., WANG, J., TSAI, S., & YIN, J. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.12.006 · Cited by 477
“, 2004; Maunder, 2004) to systematic evaluations of the psychiatric morbidity and post-traumatic symptoms of HCWs in SARS care environments (Maunder et al., 2004; Sim et al., 2004; Chua et al., 2004; Chan and Huak, 2004; Chen et al., 2005; Chong et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodAcute mental health responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Newby, J. M., O’Moore, K., Tang, S., Christensen, H., & Faasse, K. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236562 · Cited by 471
Self-citationCOVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic
Mesa-Vieira, C., Franco, O. H., Gómez–Restrepo, C., & Abel, T. (2020) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.04.004 · Cited by 386
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BackgroundSARS-related Perceptions in Hong Kong
Lau, J. T. F., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E. Y. L., & Wing, Y. K. (2005) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1103.040675 · Cited by 370
Health behaviour changes during COVID-19 and the potential consequences: A mini-review
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“…evidenced by the proportion that displayed symptoms of PTSD and depression, relatively little research addressed impacts on lifestyle or health behaviours, focusing instead on symptoms of mental health disorders (Chua et al., 2004; Hawryluck et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2006; Reynolds et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStuijfzand, S., Deforges, C., Sandoz, V., Sajin, C.-T. C.-T., Jaques, C., Elmers, J., & Horsch, A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09322-z · Cited by 344
Şahin, M. K., Aker, S., Şahin, G., & Karabekiroğlu, A. (2020) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-020-00921-w · Cited by 351
A Systematic Review of the Impact of Disaster on the Mental Health of Medical Responders
Naushad, V. A., Bierens, J., Purayil, N. K., Paramba, F., Mohammad, O. H., Maliyakkal, A. M., Chalihadan, S., & Schreiber, M. D. (2019) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x19004874 · Cited by 340
Song, X., Fu, W., Liu, X., Luo, Z., Wang, R., Zhou, N., Yan, S., & Lv, C. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.002 · Cited by 309
“The panic and anxiety caused by the stress response, separate from the emergency, are also common among medical staff (Maunder et al., 2003; Bai et al., 2004; Chua et al., 2004).”
Impact on health care workers employed in high-risk areas during the Toronto SARS outbreak
Styra, R., Hawryluck, L., Robinson, S., Kasapinovic, S., Fones, C., & Gold, W. L. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.07.015 · Cited by 280
“ANOVA of continuous IES-R scores by unit was significant at Pb.001 (SARS unit: 22 The dependent variable is the IES-R b20 and ≥20.”
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BackgroundBrooks, S. K., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G. J., & Greenberg, N. L. (2018) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000876 · Cited by 318
An, Y., Yang, Y., Wang, A., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T. C. C., Ungvari, G. S., Qin, M., An, F., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.047 · Cited by 292
“During the 2003 SARS outbreak in China, almost 90% of the frontline clinicians in high-risk clinical settings reported psychological symptoms (Chua et al., 2004).”
Suryavanshi, N., Kadam, A. B., Dhumal, G., Nimkar, S., Mave, V., Gupta, A., Cox, S. R., & Gupte, N. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1837 · Cited by 294
“A similar finding was also observed during the 2003 SARS outbreak (Bai et al., 2004; Chua et al., 2004; Maunder et al., 2003).”
ResultPerceived stress in different countries at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic
Gamonal-Limcaoco, S., Montero-Mateos, E., Lozano-López, M. T., Maciá-Casas, A., Matías-Fernández, J., & Roncero, C. (2021) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174211033710 · Cited by 293
“6, respectively.(20) A possible explanation for this is that these professionals are more accustomed to managing higher stress levels because of the nature of their jobs or because of a denial mechanism.”
BackgroundCai, Q., Feng, H., Huang, J., Wang, M., Wang, Q., Lu, X., Xie, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Hou, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.031 · Cited by 248
“The optimal cut-off point of ISI for detecting clinical insomnia in the Chinese population was a total score of 9 (Chung et al., 2011).”
Women's Mental Health in the Time of Covid-19 Pandemic
Thibaut, F., & van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2020.588372 · Cited by 254
“In another study conducted during the previous SARS pandemic in Hong Kong, 25% of health care workers required psychological follow up (29).”
BackgroundPsychosocial impact among the public of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan
Ko, C., Yen, C., Yen, J., & YANG, M. (2006) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01522.x · Cited by 249
“Leung reported on the impact of community psychological responses to SARS.”
BackgroundInfluentialNovel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Dentistry–A Comprehensive Review of Literature
Barabari, P., & Moharamzadeh, K. (2020) · Dentistry Journal · doi:10.3390/dj8020053 · Cited by 232
“It should be noted that the students can get very stressed during COVID crisis and become negatively impacted by the fear of getting infected by the virus and hence the need for counselling services and psychological support may increase following COVID-19 pandemic [77].”
BackgroundMental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social isolation
Ramírez-Ortiz, J., Castro-Quintero, D., Lerma-Córdoba, C., Yela-Ceballos, F., & Escobar-Córdoba, F. (2020) · Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.5554/22562087.e930 · Cited by 510
“Along the same lines of research, a study in Hong Kong reported that 89% of the healthcare workers who were in high risk situations exhibited psychological symptoms (14,15).”
ResultSimonetti, V., Durante, Á., Ambrosca, R., Arcadi, P., Graziano, G., Pucciarelli, G., Simeone, S., Vellone, E., Alvaro, R., & Cicolini, G. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15685 · Cited by 229
“…the fear of transmitting the infection to relatives, friends and colleagues caused negative psychological reactions among healthcare workers (Bai et al., 2004; Chua et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2007; Maunder et al., 2003) and appeared to be a factor in growing anxiety levels (Nacoti et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDhaheri, A. S. A., Bataineh, M. F., Mohamad, M. N., Ajab, A., Marzouqi, A. M. A., Jarrar, A. H., Habib-Mourad, C., Jamous, D. O. A., Ali, H. I., Sabbah, H. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249107 · Cited by 248
“SARS-related psychological problems have been reported to be prevalent mainly among healthcare workers and SARS survivors [8, 9].”
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“Consistent with other similar situations, medical workers in our study were under high stress [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .”
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“These results demonstrate a median (iQR) of 5 (2-9) and a mean (SD) of 6.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Mental Health of Hospital Workers Dealing with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Lu, Y.-C., Shu, B., Chang, Y.-Y., & Lung, F. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000095443 · Cited by 192
“the parsimonious structural model in this study found that the development of neuroticism and a person’s adjustment to dealing with the SARS biodisaster were influenced by parental attachment, particularly maternal attachment. Comparing the mental health of the nurses and other personnel, the results of the structural…”
ResultArafa, A., Mohammed, Z., Mahmoud, O. E., Elshazley, M., & Ewis, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.080 · Cited by 192
“Similar psychological disturbances were recognized among HCWs during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (Chua et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2005).”
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Verma, S. K., Mythily, S., Chan, Y., Deslypere, J., Teo, E., & Chong, S. A. (2004) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.verma · Cited by 182
Chigwedere, O. C., Sadath, A., Kabir, Z., & Arensman, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136695 · Cited by 181
“Study (Year)/Country DiseaseOutbreak Participants (Setting) Mental Health Outcome Measures (Instrument) Main Findings Temsah et al. (2020) [41] Saudi Arabia COVID-19 Pandemic N= 582 HCW (hospital) Anxiety (GAD-7) Worry (1–5 worry rating scale) 68.25% mild anxiety, 20.8% moderate anxiety, 2.9% very high anxiety 41.1% w…”
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Sprung, C. L., Zimmerman, J. L., Christian, M. D., Joynt, G. M., Hick, J. L., Taylor, B., Richards, G. A., Sandrock, C., Cohen, R., & Adini, B. B. (2010) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1759-y · Cited by 167
“These factors also reduce psychological stress by inspiring confidence [64].”
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Civantos, A. M., Byrnes, Y. M., Chang, C., Prasad, A., Chorath, K. T., Poonia, S. K., Jenks, C. M., Bur, A. M., Thakkar, P., Graboyes, E. M., et al. (2020) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.26292 · Cited by 162
“The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale (range, 0-21) was used to assess symptoms of anxiety over the past two weeks, with a scale of normal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), and severe (15-21) anxiety.”
MethodNurses’ Mental Health During the Covid-19 Outbreak
Sampaio, F., Sequeira, C., & Teixeira, L. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001987 · Cited by 160
“In previous studies carried out during the SARS outbreak, nurses presented better mental health than other health professionals, such as physicians,(14,15) which might be due to their having medical knowledge, their work environment, and having received training in preventing infection.(16,17) In spite of these findin…”
ResultPouralizadeh, M., Khalesi, Z. B., Maroufizadeh, S., Ghanbari, A., Khoshbakht-Pishkhani, M., Alavi, S. A., & Ashrafi, S. (2020) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100233 · Cited by 158
Hill, J. E., Harris, C., Christian, D. L., Boland, P., Doherty, A. J., Benedetto, V., Bhutani, G., & Clegg, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15175 · Cited by 170
Xu, X., Ai, M., Hong, S., Wang, W., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Hu, H., Xuemei, L., Lixia, W., Cao, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.092 · Cited by 140
Psychological responses to the SARS outbreak in healthcare students in Hong Kong
Wong, J., Cheung, E. P. T., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Chan, M. T. Y., Chua, S. E., McAlonan, G. M., TSANG, K. W. T., & Ip, M. (2004) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590400006572 · Cited by 132
“We employed a brief, confidential and self-administered questionnaire (Chua et al., 2004) which contained the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) (Cohen et al., 1983) and a structured list of putative positive or negative psychological effects of SARS based on team discussion and consensus (available…”
MethodResultSelf-citationTorrente, M., Sousa, P., Sánchez-Ramos, A., Pimentao, J. P., Royuela, A., Franco, F., Collazo-Lorduy, A., Menasalvas, E., & Provencio, M. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044945 · Cited by 130
Lee, D. T. S., Sahota, D. S., Leung, T. N., Yip, A. S. K., Lee, F. F. Y., & Chung, T. K. H. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.08.005 · Cited by 125
“Unsurprisingly, psychosocial studies of epidemic outbreaks tend to be uncontrolled and focus on hospital staff and patients [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .”
Mental health of frontline healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 in Egypt: A call for action
Elkholy, H. A., Tawfik, F. A., Ibrahim, I., Eldin, W. S., Sabry, M. A., Mohammed, S., Hamza, M., Mohamed, A., Fawzy, A. Z., Ashmawy, R., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020960192 · Cited by 127
“Another study conducted by Chua et al. (2004) showed that 89% of healthcare workers who were in high-risk situations reported psychological symptoms during the acute SARS outbreak.”
BackgroundWańkowicz, P., Szylińska, A., & Rotter, I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165849 · Cited by 117
Barello, S., Falcó‐Pegueroles, A., Rosa, D., Tolotti, A., Graffigna, G., & Bonetti, L. (2020) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01463-7 · Cited by 125
Bukhari, E. E., Temsah, M. H., Aleyadhy, A. A., Alrabiaa, A. A., Alhboob, A. A., Jamal, A. A., & Binsaeed, A. A. (2016) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.6925 · Cited by 115
“Using the perceived stress scale to assess stress levels, they found that stress levels were increased in both groups [10].”
BackgroundFaktor yang Mempengaruhi Kecemasan pada Tenaga Kesehatan Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Covid-19
Fadli, F., Safruddin, S., Ahmad, A. S., Sumbara, S., & Baharuddin, R. (2020) · JURNAL PENDIDIKAN KEPERAWATAN INDONESIA · doi:10.17509/jpki.v6i1.24546 · Cited by 129
“Hasil penelitian lain selama wabah SARS akut terdapat 89% tenaga kesehatan yang berisiko tinggi mengalami gejala gangguan psikologis salah satunya kecemasan (Chua et al., 2004).”
BackgroundAnxiety among front-line health-care workers supporting patients with COVID-19: A global survey
Çağ, Y., Erdem, H., Görmez, A., Ankaralı, H. Ç., Hargreaves, S., Ferreira‐Coimbra, J., Rubulotta, F. M., Belliato, M., Berger‐Estilita, J., Pelosi, P. P., et al. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.12.010 · Cited by 111
“In another study done during the SARS Outbreak in Hong Kong, HCWs who were confident about infection control had lower stress levels than healthy control group [23].”
BackgroundNaldi, A., Vallelonga, F., Liberto, A. D., Cavallo, R., Agnesone, M., Gonella, M., Sauta, M. D., Lochner, P., Tondo, G., Bragazzi, N. L., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.161 · Cited by 116
Kılınç, T., & Çelik, A. S. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12648 · Cited by 137
Chung, S., Kim, H. J., Ahn, M. H., Yeo, S., Lee, J., Kim, K., Kang, S., Suh, S. A., & Shin, Y. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e319 · Cited by 110
Khajuria, A., Tomaszewski, W., Liu, Z., Chen, J., Mehdian, R., Fleming, S. S., Vig, S., & Crawford, M. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06279-6 · Cited by 121
Xu, H., Stjernswärd, S., & Glasdam, S. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2021.100037 · Cited by 112
“…fears of the unknown, virus infection and transmission are the prominent stressors related to the pandemic (Maunder et al., 2004, Bai et al., 2004, Chua et al., 2004, Ornell et al., 2020, Chan et al., 2005, Shih et al., 2007, Wong et al., 2005, Khalid et al., 2016, Khee et al., 2004, Wu et al.,…”
BackgroundCOVID‐19 under the SARS Cloud: Mental Health Nursing during the Pandemic in Hong Kong
Cheung, T. C. C., Fong, T. K. H., & Bressington, D. T. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12639 · Cited by 112
“Studies showed that 90% of the frontline medical personnel who worked in high-risk clinical settings reported psychological symptoms (Chua et al., 2004) and some nurses who experienced SARS still required mental health treatment for their depressive/ post-traumatic stress symptoms after several…”
BackgroundMonterrosa-Castro, A., Redondo-Mendoza, V., & Mercado-Lara, M. (2020) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2020-001456 · Cited by 98
Arpacıoğlu, S., Gurler, M., & Çakıroğlu, S. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020940742 · Cited by 113
“Fear of being infected and infecting their loved ones, heavy workload, limited material and decrease in social support are the factors related to the anxiety and depression signs (Chua et al., 2004; Lai et al., 2020; Wong et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHealth anxiety, perceived stress, and coping styles in the shadow of the COVID-19
Garbóczy, S., Szemán-Nagy, A., Ahmad, M. S., Harsányi, S., Ocsenás, D., Rekenyi, V., Al‐Tammemi, A. B., & Kolozsvári, L. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00560-3 · Cited by 123
Juan, Y., Yuanyuan, C., Qiuxiang, Y., Cong, L., Xiaofeng, L., Yundong, Z., Jing, C., Peifeng, Q., Yan, L., Xiaojiao, X., et al. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152198 · Cited by 92
“These results are understandable owing to the high risk of infection, direct exposure, fatigue, and sleep deprivation associated with quarantine situations [32].”
Luo, Y., Chua, C. R., Xiong, Z., Ho, R., & Ho, C. S. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565098 · Cited by 93
Chen, H., Sun, L., Du, Z., Zhao, L., & Wang, L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15444 · Cited by 91
“As early as 2003 when SARS broke out, Chua et al. reported that the incidence rate of mental problems among frontline medical works with high-risk positions was as high as 89%, and they experienced more stress than a healthy group (Chua et al.,2004).”
BackgroundMota, I. A., Sobrinho, G. D. D. O., Morais, I. P. S., & Dantas, T. F. (2021) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0482 · Cited by 87
Goh, Y. S., Yong, J. Q. Y. O., Chen, T. H., Ho, C. S. H., Chee, Y. I. C., & Chee, T. T. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12826 · Cited by 95
Healing the Healer: Protecting Emergency Health Care Workers’ Mental Health During COVID-19
Wong, A. H.-W., Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Ray, J. M., Ranney, M. L., & Chang, B. (2020) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.04.041 · Cited by 81
“These rates of health care worker distress are surpassing those reported after Ebola, SARS, and other pandemics.(35,36)”
Magill, E., Siegel, Z., & Pike, K. M. (2020) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000274 · Cited by 77
“Across all four studies that measured prevalence of positive mental health outcomes, over 75% of healthcare workers reported these positive mental health outcomes in addition to the other adverse psychological outcomes noted in each study (12, 29, 42, 43).”
BackgroundCOVID19 pandemic impacts on anxiety of French urologist in training: Outcomes from a national survey
Abdessater, M., Morgan Rouprêt, A., Misraï, V., Matillon, X., Gondran‐Tellier, B., Freton, L., Vallée, M., Dominique, I., Felber, M., Khene, Z., et al. (2020) · The French Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.purol.2020.04.015 · Cited by 76
Ning, X., Yu, F., Huang, Q., Li, X., Luo, Y., Huang, Q. M., & Chen, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02838-z · Cited by 79
Bell, V., & Wade, D. M. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01990-x · Cited by 77
“development as an individual and a team (Chua et al., 2004; Grace et al., 2005; Nickell et al., 2004).”
BackgroundShahrajabian, M. H., Sun, W., Soleymani, A., & Cheng, Q. (2020) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.6888 · Cited by 74
Burnout and peritraumatic distress of healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic
Jang, Y., You, M., Lee, H., Lee, M., Lee, Y., Han, J.-O., & Oh, J. H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11978-0 · Cited by 82
“4% of the variance in emotional exhaustion (F [14, 1053] = 35.”
BackgroundChau, S. W. H., Wong, O. W. H., Ramakrishnan, R., Chan, S. S. M., Wong, E. K.-Y., Li, P. Y. T., Raymont, V., Elliot, K., Rathod, S., Delanerolle, G., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10701-3 · Cited by 81
Toh, W. L., Meyer, D., Phillipou, A., Tan, E. J., Rheenen, T. E. V., Neill, E., & Rossell, S. L. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113822 · Cited by 75
“Elevated stress levels were recorded in one study, but not more so than observed in the general population (Chua et al., 2004).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 PANDEMIA: NEUROPSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY AND CONSEQUENCES
Sinanović, O., Muftić, M., & Sinanović, S. (2020) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2020.236 · Cited by 71
“The authors emphasize that the psychological implications of infectious diseases (in this particular case SARS infection) should not be ignored and that mental health experts should have a role to play in the rehabilitation process (Chua et al. 2004).”
BackgroundChapter 9. Educational process
Richards, G. A., & Sprung, C. L. (2010) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1768-x · Cited by 68
“These factors also reduce psychological stress by inspiring confidence [18].”
BackgroundAlwani, S. S., Majeed, M. M., Ramzan, Z., Rauf, S., Syed, M. S., Shah, S. H., Hirwani, M. Z., & Hamirani, F. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32413/pjph.v10i2.601 · Cited by 74
“Similar findings were reported by other studies during SARS and MERS epidemics (24, 59, 60).”
BackgroundResultde Oliveira, W. A., de Oliveira‐Cardoso, É. A., da Silva, J. L., & dos Santos, M. A. (2020) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/1982-0275202037e200066 · Cited by 99
Gupta, S., Prasad, A. S., Dixit, P. K., Padmakumari, P., Gupta, S. K., & Abhisheka, K. (2020) · Medical Journal Armed Forces India · doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.07.006 · Cited by 66
“This could be as younger HCWs are generally employed as frontline workers and are more prone to contact with infected patients.(18) Moreover, inexperience of younger HCWs adds to the anxiety symptoms.”
BackgroundUmbetkulova, S., Kanderzhanova, A., Foster, F., Stolyarova, V., & Cobb-Zygadlo, D. (2023) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787231165076 · Cited by 71
“For instance, a study by Chua et al. (2004) showed that 89% of HCWs reported tiredness, health concerns, and social contact fears during the SARS epidemic.”
BackgroundFear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report
García-Reyna, B., Castillo-García, G. D., Barbosa‐Camacho, F. J., Cervantes‐Cardona, G. A., Cervantes‐Pérez, E., Torres-Mendoza, B. M., Fuentes‐Orozco, C., Pintor‐Belmontes, K. J., Guzmán-Ramírez, B. G., Hernández, A. B., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00413-x · Cited by 64
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular surgery practice in the United States
Mouawad, N. J., Woo, K., Malgor, R. D., Wohlauer, M. V., Johnson, A. P., Cuff, R. F., Coleman, D. M., Coogan, S. M., Sheahan, M. G., & Shalhub, S. (2020) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2020.08.036 · Cited by 65
Wu, B., Zhao, Y., Xu, D., Wang, Y., Niu, N., Zhang, M., Zhi, X., Zhu, P., & Meng, A. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13126 · Cited by 63
“It is reported that medical staff developed mental problems during SARS (Chua et al. 2004, Robertson et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialAhn, M. H., Shin, Y., Suh, S. A., Kim, J. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, K., & Chung, S. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/25489 · Cited by 66
Galli, F., Pozzi, G., Ruggiero, F., Mameli, F., Cavicchioli, M., Barbieri, S., Canevini, M. P., Priori, A., Pravettoni, G., Sani, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568664 · Cited by 64
“(19) N=271 HCWs; N=342 HCs Hong Kong SARS Case-control study HCWs vs HC During outbreak PSS (cut-off not reported) perceived stress Not reported Not available data HCWs were not more stressed than healthy control subjects”
BackgroundYoussef, N. F. A., Mostafa, A., Ezzat, R., Yosef, M., & El‐Kassas, M. (2020) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/emhj.20.116 · Cited by 59
Impact on mental health by “Living in Isolation and Quarantine” during COVID-19 pandemic
Jain, A., Bodicherla, K., Raza, Q., & Sahu, K. (2020) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1572_20 · Cited by 57
Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., & Machnik-Czerwik, A. (2020) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2020.102136 · Cited by 61
“Meetings with family and friends help people feel emotionally connected and gain social support that helps in coping with stress and is associated with greater life satisfaction (Ashida & Heaney, 2008; Cobb, 1976; Dymecka & Gerymski, 2019).”
BackgroundAbouammoh, M. A., Almater, A., Tobaigy, M. F., Younis, A. S., & Alaqeel, M. (2020) · Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/meajo.meajo_220_20 · Cited by 57
“84 Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology ‐ Volume 27, Issue 2, April‐June 2020 in Hong Kong, 89% reported negative psychological effect during SARS outbreak.[16]”
BackgroundXie, L., Luo, H., Li, M., Ge, W., Xing, B., & Miao, Q. (2020) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01475-3 · Cited by 53
Stress and stigmatization in health-care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sorokin, M. Y., Kasyanov, E. D., Rukavishnikov, G. V., Makarevich, O., Neznanov, N. G., Morozov, P. V., Lutova, N. B., & Mazo, G. E. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_870_20 · Cited by 54
“caused a number of adverse psychological reactions among health-care workers.[3-6] The COVID-19 pandemic can also”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., McAlonan, G. M., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P., Chan, M. T., Wong, M. M., Tang, S. W., Choy, K. M., Wong, M. K., Chu, C. M., & Tsang, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary Hospital (CN)
- Hospital Authority (HK)
- United Christian Hospital (CN)
- Venue
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-06
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 391-393
- ISSN
- 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
- 1497-0015
- OpenAlex
- W2131841402
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 164 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Queen Mary University of London
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- SARS, healthcare workers, psychological stress, psychological impact, infection control, infection control training, psychiatric morbidity, outbreak response, Hong Kong
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Disease Outbreaks, Fatigue, Female, Health Personnel, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Health Behavior, Occupational Exposure, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
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