Psychometric Properties of the Academic Encouragement Scale in Chinese University Students
Abstract
This study tested the factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity of the Academic Encouragement Scale (AES) in 690 university students in China. The AES displayed good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The data provided evidence supporting a two-factor structure: challenge focused encouragement (CFE) and potential focused encouragement (PFE). The two factors were independent predictors of academic engagement. Hope was positively linked with PFE but not with CFE. By contrast, gratitude was positively correlated with CFE but not with PFE. The findings provide preliminary evidence to support the validity and reliability of the AES in an academic context in China.
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The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-9S) shows good psychometric properties.
“The UWES-9 S shows good psychometric properties [47, 48].”
From Social media addiction and academic engagement as serial mediators between social anxiety and academic performance among college students (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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Zhuang, J., Mou, Q., Zheng, T., Gao, F., Zhong, Y., Lu, Q., Gao, Y., & Zhao, M. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04799-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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“The UWES-9 S shows good psychometric properties [47, 48].”
Background
- Authors
- Tang, H., Huo, Z., Liu, C., Liu, Z., & Wong, Y. J.
- Affiliations
- Zhaoqing University (CN)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Zunyi Medical University (CN)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Zhijun
- Venue
- Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-10-23
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 258-263
- ISSN
- 0734-2829 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-5144
- OpenAlex
- W3094564237
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Education of Guangdong Province (2019WQNCX122, 2019WQNCX122, 2020GXJK428)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Keywords
- academic engagement, hope, gratitude, university students, Chinese students, scale validation, factor structure
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