Environmental pressures and pro-government militias: Evidence from the Philippines
Abstract
This study analyzes whether climate disasters and climate-induced food scarcities influence individuals’ willingness to fight for the state in a pro-government militia in the Philippines. We find that experiencing a disaster or subsistence loss corresponds to an increased willingness to join, even when accounting for other prominent explanations in the literature. This outcome, we argue, reflects the impact of climate change on the opportunity costs of conflict participation, especially in regions dependent on agriculture for income and food production, as diminished livelihood opportunities and subsistence resource access increase the viability of conflict participation as a strategy for livelihood diversification.
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Disaster-induced poverty facilitates recruitment campaigns by community militias in the Philippines.
“In line with this, but focusing on pro-state actors, Eastin and Zech (2022) present evidence that disaster-induced poverty facilitates recruitment campaigns by community militias in the Philippines.”
From The impacts of climate change on violent conflict risk: a review of causal pathways (2024) · cites this paper as Eastin and Zech 2022
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References 47 · Cited by 14
- Authors
- Eastin, J., & Zech, S. T.
- Affiliations
- Portland State University (US)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Eastin, Joshua
- Venue
- Conflict Management and Peace Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-06-28
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 489-510
- ISSN
- 0738-8942 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-9219
- OpenAlex
- W4283708853
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 4.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Conflict Management and Peace Science (publishedVersion)
- PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Military History and Strategy
- Keywords
- pro-government militias, climate-related disasters, willingness to fight, livelihood diversification, agricultural livelihoods, climate change and conflict, Philippines
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