Cited by 182Circadian rhythm and melatoninMental Health Research TopicsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Seasonal Variation of Depression and Other Moods: A Longitudinal Approach

Harmatz, Morton G., Well, Arnold D., Overtree, Christopher E., Kawamura, Kathleen Y., Rosal, Milagros, Ockene, Ira S.·2000·Journal of Biological Rhythms

DOI 10.1177/074873000129001350

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Abstract

The present study examined the effect of season of the year on depression and other moods. Previous work, primarily cross sectional or retrospective in design and involving clinically depressed or seasonally affective disordered samples, has suggested that mood changes as a function of season. However, the literature also shows conflicting and/or inconsistent findings about the extent and nature of this relationship. Importantly, these prior studies have not adequately answered the question of whether there is a seasonal effect in nondepressed people. The present study employed a longitudinal design and a large sample drawn from a normal population. The results, based on those participants for whom mood measures were collected in each season, demonstrated strong seasonal effects. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were highest in winter and lowest in summer. Ratings on scales of hostility, anger, irritability, and anxiety also showed very strong seasonal effects. Further analyses revealed that seasonal variation in BDI scores differed for females and males. Females had higher BDI scores that showed strong seasonal variation, whereas males had lower BDI scores that did not vary significantly across season of the year.

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Authors: Harmatz, M. G., Well, A. D., Overtree, C. E., Kawamura, K. Y., Rosal, M., & Ockene, I. S.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
ORCID: Rosal, Milagros
Venue: Journal of Biological Rhythms
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-08
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 344-350
ISSN: 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
1552-4531
DOI: 10.1177/074873000129001350
OpenAlex: W2170802796
Cited by: 182
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 0.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01hl052745-04)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL52745)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: seasonal variation, depression, mood, seasonal affective disorder, Beck Depression Inventory, hostility, anger, irritability, anxiety, sex differences, winter, healthy population
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Aged, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Massachusetts, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Seasons, Sex Characteristics, Patient Selection, Mood Disorders

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Seasonal Variation of Depression and Other Moods: A Longitudinal Approach

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