Family-of-Origin Factors and Partner Violence in the Intimate Relationships of Gay Men Who Are HIV Positive

“Sample sized ranged from N ¼ 51 (Craft & Serovich, 2005) to N ¼ 2,881 (Greenwood et al., 2002), with a median sample size of N ¼ 292 (Bogart et al., 2005).”

“Craft and Serovich (2005), using a U.S. HIV-positive sample, found that the majority (78.4”

“Recently, researchers have documented vastly varied, though universally high, rates of IPV among MSM: between 32–78% for any form of IPV [4,5], 12–45% for physical IPV [6,7], and 5–33% for sexual IPV [7,8].”

“…2007; Miller, Green, Causby, White, & Lockhart, 2001), through email lists (Balsam et al., 2005; Balsam & Szymanski, 2005), or through intimate partner violence helpline referrals and health clinics (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Heintz & Melendez, 2006; Miller et al., 2001; Merrill, & Wolfe, 2000).”

“included 101 in the qualitative synthesis [12-111].”

“Estimated prevalence for receipt of IPV among MSM range from 12% (Stephenson, Khosropour, & Sullivan, 2010) to 45% (Craft & Serovich, 2005) for physical IPV, 1.8% (Bartholomew, Regan, Oram, & White, 2008) to 33% (Craft & Serovich, 2005) for sexual IPV, 28% (Pruitt, White, Mitchell, & Stephenson,…”

“These men may face unique barriers to leaving partners, such as limited financial resources, reliance on a partner for care, fear of facing future illness alone, and fear of dating and finding another partner (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Letellier, 1996).”

“…be seen in Table 6, some of the samples used in research on gay male victims are small and less representative, leading to less generalisable results (Bartholomew, Regan, White et al., 2008; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Cruz & Peralta, 2001; Hellmuth et al., 2008; Toro-Alfonso & Rodríguez-Madera, 2004).”

“…among MSM range 12% (Stephenson, Khosropour, & Sullivan, 2010) to 45% (Craft & Serovich, 2005) for physical IPV, 5% (Greenwood et al., 2002) to 33% (Craft & Serovich, 2005) for sexual IPV, and 32% (Houston & McKirnan, 2007) to 78% (Pantalone, Schneider, Valentine, & Simoni, 2011) for any form of…”

“%) were recorded in an exploratory survey of 51 HIV positive gay men with experiences of IPV (Craft & Serovich, 2005).”

“The prevalence in our sample is more similar to the figures obtained in a small survey [66] (n = 55) of HIV-positive MSM in Ohio.”

“…form of IPV, multiple forms of abuse are relatively typical, and IPV becomes more frequent and severe over time (Bradford, Ryan, & Rothblum, 1994; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Greenwood et al., 2002; Lie & Gentlewarrier, 1991; Lockhart, White, Causby, & Issac, 1994; McClennen, Summers, & Vaughan,…”

“Familyof-origin violence has been cited as occurring at equal or greater frequency for victims and perpetrators of SSDV, compared with OSDV peers (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Farley, 1996; Fortunata & Kohn, 2003; Murray et al., 2007).”

“For example, although Craft and Serovich (2005) found that 45% of a sample of HIV-positive men reported violence receipt and 39% reported perpetration, it may be incorrect to conclude that 84% of the sample had been in a violent same-sex relationship.”

“…older MSM involved in violent intimate relationships are more likely to report a range of physical health problems, such as obesity, high blood pressure, and heart disease (Burke & Follingstad, 1999; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Cruz & Firestone, 1998; Island & Letellier, 1991; Shelton et al., 2005).”

“For example, in a study of 51 gay, HIV-positive males, Craft and Serovich (2005) found a positive correlation between witnessing mother-to-father domestic violence in one’s family of origin and being either a victim or perpetrator of violence in one’s intimate adult relationships.”

“In combining percentages for male homosexuals and bisexuals, MSM reported higher rates of IPV than female heterosexuals, for all types of abuse.”

“Furthermore, researchers have used measures of IPV that have not been adapted for SGM populations without psychometrically evaluating these measures in SGM populations (e.g., Craft & Serovich, 2005).”

“17,22 These findings reveal a frightening dilemma, in which seeking health care may, in some cases, actually place HIV-positive patients’ health and safety at risk.”

“…characteristics, life stressors and threats to masculinity. other studies have also examined links between early experiences of violence as a possible predictor of intimate partner violence victimisation and perpetration among gay and bisexual men (Craft and Serovich 2005; Welles et al. 2011).”

“Further, in concurrence with previous studies (e.g., Craft and Serovich 2005; Merrill and Wolfe 2000; Stephenson et al. 2011; Turell 2000), it was found that physical and psychological IPV tended to co-occur (r=.60, p<.001).”

““Because the variety of means required to recruit this sample, the number of men who did not consent to participate in this study was not counted, thus the calculation of a refusal rate was not possible” (Craft & Serovich, 2005, p. 782).”

“Among MSM, 17.3% (Pantalone, Schneider, Valentine, & Simoni, 2012) to 33% (Craft & Serovich, 2005) reported sexual PA in the previous year.”

“Other Instruments Found and Used in One or Two of the Analyzed Studies Castro (Coonrod, Bay, Mills, & Gamble, 2007); Family Stress Checklist (Connelly, Newton, Landsverk, & Aarons, 2000); SAFE-T (Fulfer et al., 2007); Addiction Severity Index (Balousek, Plane, & Fleming, 2007; Langeland, Draijer, & van den Brink, 2003…”

“The link between early experiences of violence and IPV later in life is also evident among adult gay and bisexual men (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Friedman, Marshal, Stall, Cheong, & Wright, 2008; Parsons, Grov, & Golub, 2012).”

“3 [18] to 78% [19] for any type of IPV.”

“Male adult experiences of several types of abuse (i.e., EA, PA, and/or SA) have been documented in only a few studies and concerned mainly partner abuse (Coker et al., 2002; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Harwell, Moore, & Spence, 2003; Martin et al., 1998).”

“Estimated prevalence rates of physical IPV among SMM range from 12% to 45% (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Stephenson et al., 2010); 1.8% to 33% (Bartholomew et al., 2008; Craft & Serovich, 2005) for sexual IPV; 28% to 73% (Pantalone et al., 2012; Stephenson & Finneran, 2017b) for emotional/ psychological…”

“Estimated prevalence for experiencing IPV among GBMSM ranges from 12% to 45% (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Stephenson et al., 2010) for physical IPV, 1.8% to 33% (Bartholomew et al., 2008a; Bartholomew et al., 2008b; Craft & Serovich, 2005) for sexual IPV, 28% to 64% (Bartholomew et al., 2008a, 2008b;…”

“Furthermore, HIV-positive men often lack social support and face a substantial amount of stigma, making it difficult for them to find and maintain intimate relationships.(37) Thus, HIV-positive individuals may be less likely to leave an abusive intimate relationship because they lack adequate financial resources and f…”

“…(CTS2; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996), which has been a standardized tool widely used in studies both of opposite-sex (Straus, Hamby, & Warren, 2003) and same-sex IPV (Craft & Serovich, 2005; McKenry et al., 2006), and it was validated cross-culturally among Chinese (Chan, 2004).”

“However, some of this variation is also attributed to the use of small convenience samples or small qualitative studies (Craft and Serovich 2005; Pantalone et al. 2011; Feldman et al. 2007).”

“…relative frequency of physical and psychological victimization are consistent with the literature pertaining to both heterosexual and same-sex IPV (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Finneran & Stephenson, 2013; Houston & McKirnan, 2007; Mason et al., 2014; Pantalone et al., 2012; Woodyatt & Stephenson,…”

“…two studies on sexual minority men, IPV victimization and perpetration were associated with witnessing physical interparental IPV if the caregiver they witnessed being abused was male—but not if the caregiver being abused was female (Bartholomew, Regan, Oram, & White, 2008; Craft & Serovich, 2005).”

“Moreover, research indicates that men who are HIV positive are more likely to be victims of IPV than HIV negative individuals (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Feldman, Diaz, Ream, & El-Bassel, 2007).”

“…(e.g., Walters, Chen, & Breiding, 2013), correlates (e.g., Balsam & Szymanski, 2005; Carvalho, Lewis, Derlega, Winstead, & Viggiano, 2011; Craft & Serovich, 2005), and dynamics (e.g., Cruz, 2003; Ristock, 2002; Stephenson, Rentsch, Salazar, & Sullivan, 2011) of IPV experienced by gay,…”

“…forms of social learning (i.e., witnessing violence at home) or sexual minority stress theories (e.g., Balsam, Rothblum, and Beauchaine 2005; Craft and Serovich 2005; Edwards and Sylaska 2013; Toro-Alfonso and RodríGuez-Madera 2004; Milletich et al. 2014; Lewis et ARTICLE HISTORY received…”

“…for psychological violence perpetration, and between 22 % and 100 % for psychological violence victimization (see Balsam et al. 2005; Bartholomew et al. 2008a, b; Craft and Serovich 2005; Craft et al. 2008; Fortunata and Kohn 2003; Greenwood et al. 2002; McClennen et al. 2002; Miller et al. 2001).”

“Similarly, in a high-risk HIV-positive sample of gay men, Craft and Serovich (2005) found that 72.5% of men reported experiencing psychological abuse from their partners, while 78.4% reported perpetrating psychological abuse on their male partners, followed by physical assault (45.1% reporting…”

“Studies have found that witnessing and experiencing violence in the family of origin are associated with partner abuse (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Farley, 1996; Toro-Alfonso & RodrÍGuez-Madera, 2004).”

“Where annual prevalence of sexual SSIPV victimization is concerned, rates have been found to range from 0.2% to 33.3% in male samples (Balsam, Rothblum, & Beauchaine, 2005; Bartholomew, Regan, White, & Oram, 2008; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Greenwood et al., 2002).”

“…or experiencing abuse as a child, can increase the likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator in adult relationships for those in the LGBTI community, as recognised in the work of Craft and Serovich (2005), Bartholomew et al. (2008), Houston and McKirnan (2007) and Landolt and Dutton (1997).”

“…are conceptualized across studies), anywhere from 4 to 39% have perpetrated physical violence (Bartholomew et al., 2008; Carvalho et al., 2011 ; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Finneran & Stephenson, 2014 ; Kelley et al., 2014 ; McK - enry et al., 2006; Stephenson et al., 2010 ; Stephenson & Finneran,…”

“…were attachment theory (Antle et al., 2020; Forke et al., 2018, 2021; Sokar et al., 2023), trauma theory (Cheung & Huang, 2023), ecological theory (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Shields et al., 2020), psychosocial theory (Fergusson et al., 2006), general strain theory (Menard et al., 2014), and…”

“8% [6] to 33% [7] for sexual IPV, and 28% [8] to 64% [8, 9] for emotional violence.”

“In one study of HIV-positive MSM, 23.5% reported forcing their intimate partners to have Substance and Partner Abuse in HIV+ MSM 289 sex without using a condom and 27.5% reported being forced to have sex without a condom (Craft & Serovich, 2005).”

“Estimated lifetime prevalence for receipt of IPV among sexual minority men ranges from 12% [13] to 45% [14] for physical forms, 2% [15,16] to 33% [14] for sexual forms, 28% [17] to 64% [15,16] for psychological forms, and 32% [18] to 78% [19] for any form of IPV.”

“Partner violence between men who have sex with men is associated with elevated risk of HIV transmission due to relationship dynamics that render individuals powerless against their abusive partners (Craft and Serovich 2005).”

“…greater ( Craft, Serovich, McKenry, & Lim, 2008 ; Kelly, Izienicki, Bimbi, & Parsons, 2011 ) than those for heterosexual couples; some research ( Craft & Serovich, 2005 ) has reported high rates of interpersonal violence among same-sex couples without making comparisons to heterosexual couples…”

“Our results show comparable levels of the experience of each form of IPV (Balsam, Rothblum, & Beauchaine, 2005; Craft & Serovich, 2005; Finneran & Stephenson, 2013; Greenwood et al., 2002; Pantalone et al., 2012; Stephenson, Khosropour, & Sullivan, 2010).”

“While estimates of IPV among male samesex couples range as high as 29.1% to 48%, these aforementioned risk factors have not been examined in depth (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Finneran & Stephenson, 2013, 2014; Goldenberg, Stephenson et al., 2016; Stephenson & Finneran, 2016; Tran et al., 2014).”

“In addition, previous literature suggests this could be due to prevalence factors, such as gay men experiencing higher rates of IPV, in general, than heterosexual men, potentially making it more likely for them to identify as being abused (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Turell, 2000).”

“…found higher values than have been found in most prior studies, proving to be consistent with two studies carried out with the same instrument (Craft & Serovich, 2005; Matte & Lafontaine, 2011) and three with an unspecifi ed self-report questionnaire (Blosnich & Bossarte, 2009; Donovan,…”

“Craft and Serovich (2005) showed that in the intimate relationships of gay men who are HIV-positive, psychological aggression is the most prevalent form of abuse experienced.”

“The calculations of IPV scores are based on the WALMYR Assessment Scales where the higher the score (1-100) indicates more severe abuse.”

“This scale measures both victimization and perpetration of IPV and specifically cites modern interactions that young people have, such as controlling social media or mobile phone use [49].”