The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Investigating the increase in domestic violence post-disaster: An Australian case study
Abstract
Interviews with 30 women in two shires in Victoria, Australia, confirmed that domestic violence increased following the catastrophic Black Saturday bushfires on February 7, 2009. As such research is rare, it addresses a gap in the disaster and interpersonal violence literature. The research that exists internationally indicates that increased violence against women is characteristic of a postdisaster recovery in developing countries. The relative lack of published research from primary data in developed countries instead reflects our resistance to investigating or recognizing increased male violence against women after disasters in developed countries. This article begins with an overview of this literature. The primary research was qualitative, using in-depth semistructured interviews to address the research question of whether violence against women increased in the Australian context. The sample of 30 women was aged from 20s to 60s. Recruitment was through flyers and advertisements, and interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and checked by participants. Analysis was inductive, using modified grounded theory. Seventeen women gave accounts of new or increased violence from male partners that they attribute to the disaster. A key finding is that, not only is there both increased and new domestic violence but formal reporting will not increase in communities unwilling to hear of this hidden disaster. Findings are reported within a framework of three broad explanations. In conclusion, although causation is not claimed, it is important to act on the knowledge that increased domestic violence and disasters are linked.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Concern that the incidence of IPV would increase during the pandemic also recognises scholarship showing that violence against women, including IPV, increases in the wake of natural disasters and emergencies (Harville et al., 2011;International Rescue Committee, 2019;Parkinson, 2019;Parkinson & Zara, 2013;Schumacher et al., 2010).”
From COVID-19 lockdowns, intimate partner violence and coercive control. (2021) · cites this paper as Parkinson, 2019
In the citing paper
“advocates in the domestic and family violence (DFV) sector recognised that stay-at-home orders were likely to result in increases in violence against women, in particular intimate partner violence (IPV).”
From COVID-19 lockdowns, intimate partner violence and coercive control. (2021) · cites this paper as Parkinson, 2019
In the citing paper
“There is strong evidence to suggest that women's physical and mental health, including the risk of first-time or escalating domestic violence, is connected to the consequences of natural disasters and epidemics, including social isolation, economic instability, and increasing relationship and family conflict (Campbell & Jones, 2016; Parkinson, 2019).”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Parkinson, 2019
Citations
Cites
Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook
(1994) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80231-2 · Cited by 48,420
Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences
Berg, B. (1989) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/1317652 · Cited by 15,314
What's in a name? Qualitative description revisited
Sandelowski, M. (2010) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20362 · Cited by 4,975
Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations
Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588680 · Cited by 2,958
Southern Politics in State and Nation, by V. O. Key, Jr., Alexander Heard
Sydnor, C. S. (1950) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2144283 · Cited by 1,731
Australian Journal of Emergency Management
(2021) · Australian Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.47389/13241540 · Cited by 1,318
Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T. (2007) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x · Cited by 1,289
Southern Politics in State and Nation
Topkis, J. H., & Key, V. O. (1950) · The Yale Law Journal · doi:10.2307/793003 · Cited by 855
Cox, R. S., & Perry, K.-M. E. (2011) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9427-0 · Cited by 533
Mwangi, I. (2004) · Cited by 522
Research works printed but not linked: 24
- Atkins C., 2011, Insight 5 Emergency Management: Trauma and Resilience, 5, 4
- AusAID Office of Development Effectiveness, 2008, Violence against women in Melanesia and East Timor: Building on global and regional promising approaches
- Bagshaw D., 2010, The experiences and views of children and adults from families who separated post-1995 and post-2006, 1
- Braaf R., 2012, Elephant in the room: Responding to alcohol misuse and domestic violence
- Brown B. J., 2012, The women of Katrina, 179
- Dasgupta S., 2010, Women’s encounter with disaster
- Dearden J., 2008, Homicide in Australia: 2006-07
- Fothergill A., 2008, Women and disasters: From theory to practice, 131
- Jenkins P., 2008, Katrina and the women of New Orleans, 65
- Johnston M., 2010, Herald-Sun
- Lancaster C., 2009, A note on bushfire/family violence intersections post February 7th 2009 bushfires
- Mouzos J., 2004, Women’s experiences of male violence: Findings from the Australian component of the International Violence Against Women Survey
- Parkinson D. (2015). Women’s experience of violence in the aftermath of the Black Saturday bushfires (A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy). Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Faculty of Arts, School of Social Sciences, Monash University. Retrieved from http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/1162205
- Phillips B. D., 2008, Women and disasters: From theory to practice
- Picardo C., 2010, Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 162, 282
- Quarantelli E. L., 1994, DRC Preliminary Paper 228: Draft of a sociological disaster research agenda for the future: Theoretical, methodological and empirical issues
- Renzetti C. M., 2010, Sociological Viewpoints, 49
- Rezaeian M., 2013, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 18, 1103
- Sety M., 2012, Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse Thematic Review, 3, 1
- Shaw C., 2012, Women’s voices from the floodplain
- Taylor N., 2006, Community attitudes to violence against women survey: A full technical report
- Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, 2010, Final report: Summary
- Wilson J., 1998, The gendered terrain of disaster: Through women’s eyes, 225
- Wilson R., 2012, Heidelberg Leader, 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–182 of 182
IŞIK, E. (2024) · Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi · doi:10.33708/ktc.1506810 · Cited by 6
Effects of hurricane harvey on trajectories of hostile conflict among newlywed couples.
Hammett, J. F., Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (2022) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0001000 · Cited by 5
Fomenko, E., Schrijver, L. D., Vandeviver, C., & Keygnaert, I. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14135-3 · Cited by 10
Fomenko, E., Keygnaert, I., Poel, E. V., Collins, C., Bravo, R. G., Korhonen, P. E., Laine, M. K., Murauskienė, L., Tatsioni, A., & Willems, S. J. T. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043519 · Cited by 6
Hendrix, E., Narasimhan, S., Ripkey, C., Zeidan, A. J., Smith, R. N., & Evans, D. P. (2023) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012231162043 · Cited by 5
Mental Health, Well-Being and Climate Change: Scope and Challenges
Fonte, C., Caridade, S., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2023) · Climate change management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26592-1_3 · Cited by 6
Slick, J., & Hertz, G. (2024) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104529 · Cited by 5
Maftei, A., & Holman, A. C. (2020) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi200603033m · Cited by 5
THE GIRL IN THE PANDEMIC: Transnational Perspectives
Mitchell, C. M. (2023) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.3167/9781800738072 · Cited by 4
Consequences of the Lockdown: Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Seidenbecher, S., Dobrowolny, H., Wolter, S., Klemen, J., Meyer-Lotz, G., Gescher, D. M., Steiner, J. H., & Frodl, T. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_3 · Cited by 4
Mahapatro, M., Prasad, M. M., & Singh, S. P. (2022) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-022-00782-z · Cited by 4
IPV and COVID-19: A systematic review of the literaturePreprint
Landoni, M., & Ionio, C. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nqgbx · Cited by 4
The Evaluation of Depression Levels and Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hamzaoğlu, N., Rozant-Reisyan, R., & Kalfoglou, S. (2022) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2022.2095071 · Cited by 3
Interconnected Disaster Risks Technical Report: Floods in Central Viet Nam
Ortiz-Vargas, A., & Sebesvári, Z. (2021) · doi:10.53324/tnae9416 · Cited by 3
Karakasi, M., Nikolaidis, I., Fotou, E., Sapounas, A., Patounas, A., Sakka, S., Ntentopoulos, C., Pavlidis, P., & Voultsos, P. P. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241247552 · Cited by 2
Quick, S. M., Sharma, B., Wotherspoon, S. B., Suleiman, M., & Jessup, R. L. (2025) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2024.2447292 · Cited by 2
Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Attitudes of Croatian students
Vukadin, I. K., & Škarica, D. (2021) · Temida · doi:10.2298/tem2101025k · Cited by 2
Practitioner Experiences with Domestic and Family Violence in COVID ‐19
Wong, S., & Nowland, T. (2022) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1519 · Cited by 2
Men’s role in violence against women in disasters: studies in Iran and Australia
Sohrabizadeh, S., & Parkinson, D. (2022) · Australian Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.47389/37.1.65 · Cited by 2
Self-citationImpact of COVID-19 pandemic on violence against closely related persons in Croatia
Škorić, M. (2022) · Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci · doi:10.30925/zpfsr.43.2.1 · Cited by 2
Hussain, S., Khan, A., & Hussain, A. (2023) · Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences and Management Practices · doi:10.61503/cissmp.v2i3.73 · Cited by 2
Reflexiones sobre la violencia de género durante el confinamiento causado por Covid-19
Aguilar, E. F. R. (2021) · Revista Digital Internacional de Psicología y Ciencia Social · doi:10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.7.2.2021.358.181-203 · Cited by 2
BONEA, G.-V., & Buligescu, B. (2022) · Journal of Community Positive Practices · doi:10.35782/jcpp.2022.1.03 · Cited by 2
Mitchell, C., Smith, A., & Unlatched, K. (2023) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.1515/9781800737792 · Cited by 2
Chang, H. (2024) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23173 · Cited by 1
Yıldırım, S. D. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06231-7 · Cited by 1
Habibpour, Z., Sodeify, R., Birami, M., & Mokhtari, L. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70499 · Cited by 1
Abusbaitan, H. A., Pirsch, A., Graf, M., Mkandawire‐Valhmu, L., Eyadat, A. M., Luebke, J. M., Schadewald, D. M., Yu, D., Kako, P. M., Munala, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02983-3 · Cited by 1
Family violence during COVID-19 and its impact on mental health of children: A systematic review
Rajkumar, E., Mitra, J., Yadav, R., Hareesh, P. V., Gangadharan, A., Gopika, M. C., Christa, A. B., George, A. J., Gopi, A., Romate, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2023.2261992 · Cited by 1
Goel, P. A., Chowdhury, J. R., Sharma, C. G., & Parida, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7430-6_3 · Cited by 2
Gribble, K. D. (2026) · Australian Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.47389/41.1.13 · Cited by 1
A scoping review of rapid-onset climate-related disasters & gender-based violence against women
Ruiz, A. M., Muñoz, L., Walsh, T., Hardy, G., Ranjbari, B., Contreras, M. M., Leslie, S., & Nevitt, M. (2026) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2026.100809 · Cited by 1
Intimate partner violence during lockdown in Tuscany, Italy: Economic or confinement-related shocks?
Bettio, F., Tavares, F. F., & Ticci, E. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0349889 · Cited by 1
Gender roles and safety of women at home in the COVID-19 era: evidence from 101 countries
Batu, M., & Seo, B. (2022) · International Review of Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/02692171.2022.2117283 · Cited by 1
Ranđelović, V., Šebek, V., Soković, S., & Janjic, V. S. (2023) · Temida · doi:10.2298/tem2301025r · Cited by 1
Ibeh, C. E., Ijioma, E. C., Ukeje, I. O., Joseph, A. E., Amulu, S. O., & Onyekere, F. N. (2024) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-024-00759-z · Cited by 1
(2021) · International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering · doi:10.30534/ijatcse/2021/771032021 · Cited by 1
Violência doméstica e familiar na covid-19: capacitação emergencial on-line durante a pandemia
Serpeloni, F., Ribeiro, F. M. L., Noal, D. D. S., Melo, B. D., de Moura, J. F. G., Pickler, B., Souza, M. S. E., Rabelo, I. V. M., & de Assis, S. G. (2022) · Série Informação para ação na Covid-19 | Fiocruz eBooks · doi:10.7476/9786557081587.0025 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 induced DV in Zimbabwe’s Southlea Park residential area in Harare
Mupepi, O., & Matsa, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Policy and Society · doi:10.59400/jps.v1i1.290 · Cited by 1
Fomenko, E., Schrijver, L. D., Vandeviver, C., & Keygnaert, I. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1355725/v2 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Australian Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.47389/37.4 · Cited by 1
Gender-based violence among high school youth in the Umlazi District, Durban
Dlungwane, A. D. (2023) · doi:10.51415/10321/5185 · Cited by 1
Ramírez, J. J. B. (2021) · Revista Digital Internacional de Psicología y Ciencia Social · doi:10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.7.2.2021.384.169-385
Naito, N., Hirosawa, T., Tsubomoto, M., Sano, M., Miyagishi, Y., Kameya, M., Okuda, T., & Kikuchi, M. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102859
The Impossible Vanishing Point. Social Differentiation in Imperial Germany
Ziemann, B. (2011) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Hazardous Times: Adversity, Diversity and Constructions of Collectivity
Plessis, R. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6863-0_8
Fomenko, E., Schrijver, L. D., Vandeviver, C., & Keygnaert, I. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1355725/v1
Global upsurge in violence against women during COVID-19: A rapid review of evidencePreprint
Zainuddin, M., Khan, S., Mahi, M., & Islam, E. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/ey9hz
Azizul, M. D. A., Jaafar, W. M. W., Khir, A. M., & Amin, S. M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i6/13895
COVID-19 Pandemic and Increased Violence Against Women in Uganda
Kiconco, M. (2022) · Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.14738/assrj.97.12696
Walker, L., & Goldstein, L. B. (2022) · Peace psychology book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13101-1_8
Combating Domestic Violence During Lockdown of COVID-19 Pandemic
Joseph, N. (2023) · International Handbook of Disaster Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8800-3_105-1
Contextualising COVID-19: Domestic and Family Violence During Times of Crisis
Pfitzner, N., Fitz‐Gibbon, K., Walklate, S., Meyer, S., & Segrave, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29356-6_1
Jommaroeng, R., Hair, S. A., Thongkrajai, C., Kangbipoon, K., & Bootchadee, S. (2023) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.1515/9781800737792-013
Combating Domestic Violence During Lockdown of COVID-19 Pandemic
Joseph, N. (2023) · International Handbook of Disaster Research · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8388-7_105
Hero Label: Distortion and Propaganda
Parkinson, D., Leonard, W., & O’Malley, S. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17125-3_265-1
Self-citationExploring young people’s constructions of domestic violence as portrayed in the media.
Mtshali, Z. P. (2022) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal) · doi:10.29086/10413/22827
Developing the Minimum Data Set for a Disaster Mental Health Registry System
Salehinejad, S., Mehrolhassani, M. H., Nekoei‐Moghadam, M., & Bahaadinbeigy, K. (2024) · Frontiers in Health Informatics · doi:10.30699/fhi.v13i0.578
Yıldırmış, F., & Çalışkan, Z. (2024) · Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.34108/eujhs.1291911
COVID-19-Related Homestay Orders and Domestic Violence in Australia: A Systematic Review
Addo, I. Y., Mensah, E. A., Peprah, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., & Asiamah-Asare, B. K. Y. (2024) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2022.0056
Hero Label: Distortion and Propaganda
Parkinson, D., Leonard, W., & O’Malley, S. M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48129-1_265
Self-citationTemiz, M., & Küçükkaya, B. (2024) · Doğu Karadeniz Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.59312/ebshealth.1509022
Roy, V., Brodeur, N., Fournier, C., Gasteau, F., Laverdière, D., & Meunier, V. C. (2024) · Nouvelles pratiques sociales · doi:10.7202/1114800ar
Wahid, A. B. A., & Das, T. K. (2025) · Advances in geographical and environmental sciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7455-5_9
Slick, J. (2024) · Journal of Emergency Management · doi:10.5055/jem.0881
Jiménez, A. J. G. (2025) · Atlantis highlights in social sciences, education and humanities/Atlantis Highlights in Social Sciences, Education and Humanities · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-686-4_17
Yazıcı, M., BARUTÇU, F., Toyğar, R. S., & Gülner, H. (2025) · Ağrı Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.61845/agrimedical.1602368
Jokovic-Wroe, D., Collingburn, L., Reidy, N., & Williamson, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Dynamics · doi:10.3389/fhumd.2025.1601603
Edmunds, M., Patroni, J., & Olorunnisola, T. S. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251343188
Intervenções da enfermagem nos casos da mulher vítima de doméstica
da Silva, A. C., de Sousa, A. K. A., & Santos, J. S. (2025) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v14i10.49653
Yankson, P., Noye, K. K., & Attah, E. Y. (2026) · Visual Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15551393.2025.2600926
Factors That Influenced Coping With COVID‐19 During the Pandemic in Botswana
Mhaka‐Mutepfa, M., Shogole, R. F., Ewemooje, O. S., & Ndlovu, T. B. H. (2026) · World Medical & Health Policy · doi:10.1002/wmh3.70064
Mello, L. D. (2026) · Eduschool Journal of Sociology and Social Work (EJSSW) · doi:10.63090/ejssw/3139.4701.0007
Albayrak, H., Selçuk, O., Güzel, B., & Küçükarslan, G. K. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2685932
Gender, disaster and climate change: Reflections on fifteen years of evidence to action
Parkinson, D., Reid, S., Riseborough, H., & Archer, F. (2026) · Progress in Disaster Science · doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2026.100655
Self-citationAdapting to virtual service delivery to increase resilience of domestic violence services
Robinson, Z., Scales, S. E., Steiner, R. F., Camphausen, L. C., Miller, S. L., & Horney, J. A. (2026) · Continuity & Resilience Review · doi:10.1108/crr-01-2026-0006
Climate Change as a Determinant of Mental and Physical Health: A Review
Sahay, A., Mishra, U., Sharma, A., Alam, B., Shekhar, R., & Mishra, A. K. (2026) · Journal of Psychosexual Health · doi:10.1177/26318318261479108
Flynn, A., Berecki‐Gisolf, J., True, J., & Adeyeri, O. E. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119827
Beyond the Lockdown: Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Registered Domestic Violence in the Netherlands
Bergers, J., Coomans, A., van Deuren, S., van de Weijer, S. G. A., Blokland, A., & Eichelsheim, V. I. (2026) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2743599
Harm Made Invisible: Gender-Based Violence, Migrant Women, and Climate-Induced Hazards
Krishna, R. N. (2026) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/14407833261496964
Fabienne, I. M., NKongolo, B. K., Kabele, J., & Kulimba, D. M. (2026) · Advanced Natural Sciences: Life and Health Sciences · doi:10.68819/anslhs.2026.0031
Metadata
- Authors
- Parkinson, D.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Parkinson, Debra
- ORCID
- Parkinson, Debra
- Venue
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-03-20
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2333-2362
- ISSN
- 0886-2605 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6518
- OpenAlex
- W2599538341
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Interpersonal Violence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Agency for International Development
- Monash University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- domestic violence, violence against women, Black Saturday bushfires, 2009 bushfires, interpersonal violence, disaster recovery, underreporting of domestic violence, Victoria, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Disasters, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Victoria, Women's Health, Domestic Violence, Battered Women, Crime Victims, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review