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THE GLASS CEILING HYPOTHESIS: A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia
Abstract
The general-case glass ceiling hypothesis states that not only is it more difficult for women than for men to be promoted up levels of authority hierarchies within workplaces but also that the obstacles women face relative to men become greater as they move up the hierarchy. Gender-based discrimination in promotions is not simply present across levels of hierarchy but is more intense at higher levels. Empirically, this implies that the relative rates of women being promoted to higher levels compared to men should decline with the level of the hierarchy. This article explores this hypothesis with data from three countries: the United States, Australia, and Sweden. The basic conclusion is that while there is strong evidence for a general gender gap in authority—the odds of women having authority are less than those of men—there is no evidence for systematic glass ceiling effects in the United States and only weak evidence for such effects in the other two countries.
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Citations
Cited by
Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0091 · Cited by 894
Microfinance and Gender: Is There a Glass Ceiling on Loan Size?
Agier, I., & Szafarz, A. (2013) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.06.016 · Cited by 266
Babic, A., & Hansez, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.618250 · Cited by 184
Metadata
- Authors
- BAXTER, J., & WRIGHT, E. O.
- Venue
- Gender & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 275-294
- ISSN
- 0891-2432 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3977
- OpenAlex
- W2126195557
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 9.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: THE GLASS CEILING HYPOTHESIS: A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/089124300014002004
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- BAXTER, J., & WRIGHT, E. O. (2000). THE GLASS CEILING HYPOTHESIS: A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia. Gender & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014002004
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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