Cited by 110Gender and Feminist StudiesGender Roles and Identity StudiesGender, Feminism, and Media

Weaponized Subordination: How Incels Discredit Themselves to Degrade Women

Open access
Halpin, Michael·2022·Gender & Society

Abstract

In this article, I analyze weaponized subordination, wherein men strategically use their perceived subordinate masculine status to legitimate their degradation of women. I draw on a qualitative analysis of 9,062 comments made on a popular involuntary celibate (“incel”) discussion board. Incels are an online community of men who define themselves by their inability to participate in heterosexual sex/relationships. Incel forums are characterized by self-loathing, anger, and misogyny, with several incels having committed murders (e.g., Elliot Rodger). I first detail the type of subordination incels argue they experience—a social bias in favor of attractive people they call lookism. Next, I explain how incels perceive themselves as permanently subordinated “failed men.” I then demonstrate how incels weaponize their subordination, using their perceived subordinate status to justify their misogyny. Findings are discussed in relation to hybrid masculinity and conceptualizations of subordinate masculinities.

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Crossref · 10.1177/08912432221128545

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  • The blackpill ideology blames feminism for granting women too much autonomy, leading to high standards whereby women would rather remain single than accept an unattractive partner.

    “The blackpill further blames feminism for granting women too much autonomy, leading to high standards whereby women would rather remain single than accept an unattractive partner.”
  • The blackpill ideology suggests that any individual improvement is futile and that incels should accept their low-status position.

    “Since the blackpill ideology attributes incels' low status to immutable characteristics, it suggests that any individual improvement is futile and that incels should accept their low-status position [9-11].”
  • The blackpill ideology posits that incels' low status is due to immutable features, primarily related to physical appearance, neurodivergence, etc.

    “This ideology posits that incels' low status is due to immutable features, primarily related to physical appearance, neurodivergence, etc.”
  • Research on incel communities indicates that they believe feminism and women's rights movements have led to a loss of male dominance and have "unfairly" prevented men from their "entitled" access to women's bodies.

    “Research on incel communities indicates that they believe feminism and women's rights movements have led to a loss of male dominance and have “unfairly” prevented men from their “entitled” access to women's bodies (Baele et al., 2019; Halpin, 2022; Halpin et al., 2023; O’Donnell & Shor, 2022).”
  • Incels view sexualized violence as a means to maintain a patriarchal gender order, even if incels themselves are relegated to occupying a subordinate position within that order.

    “we will demonstrate that incels view sexualized violence as a means to maintain a patriarchal gender order, even if incels themselves are relegated to occupying a subordinate position within that order (Halpin, 2022).”

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References 56 · Cited by 110

Authors
Halpin, M.
Affiliations
Dalhousie University (CA)
Corresponding author
Halpin, Michael
Venue
Gender & Society
Published
2022-10-05
Volume
36
Issue
6
Pages
813-837
ISSN
  • 0891-2432 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-3977
OpenAlex
W4301599602
Cited by
110
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23
FWCI
24.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Gender & Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
Keywords
incels, misogyny, lookism, subordinate masculinity, hybrid masculinity, online misogyny, Elliot Rodger, self-deprecation

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