Weaponized Subordination: How Incels Discredit Themselves to Degrade Women
Open accessAbstract
In this article, I analyze weaponized subordination, wherein men strategically use their perceived subordinate masculine status to legitimate their degradation of women. I draw on a qualitative analysis of 9,062 comments made on a popular involuntary celibate (“incel”) discussion board. Incels are an online community of men who define themselves by their inability to participate in heterosexual sex/relationships. Incel forums are characterized by self-loathing, anger, and misogyny, with several incels having committed murders (e.g., Elliot Rodger). I first detail the type of subordination incels argue they experience—a social bias in favor of attractive people they call lookism. Next, I explain how incels perceive themselves as permanently subordinated “failed men.” I then demonstrate how incels weaponize their subordination, using their perceived subordinate status to justify their misogyny. Findings are discussed in relation to hybrid masculinity and conceptualizations of subordinate masculinities.
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The blackpill ideology blames feminism for granting women too much autonomy, leading to high standards whereby women would rather remain single than accept an unattractive partner.
“The blackpill further blames feminism for granting women too much autonomy, leading to high standards whereby women would rather remain single than accept an unattractive partner.”
From Exploring incel group dynamics: a computational study of hierarchy and group-boundary policing (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The blackpill ideology suggests that any individual improvement is futile and that incels should accept their low-status position.
“Since the blackpill ideology attributes incels' low status to immutable characteristics, it suggests that any individual improvement is futile and that incels should accept their low-status position [9-11].”
From Exploring incel group dynamics: a computational study of hierarchy and group-boundary policing (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The blackpill ideology posits that incels' low status is due to immutable features, primarily related to physical appearance, neurodivergence, etc.
“This ideology posits that incels' low status is due to immutable features, primarily related to physical appearance, neurodivergence, etc.”
From Exploring incel group dynamics: a computational study of hierarchy and group-boundary policing (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
Research on incel communities indicates that they believe feminism and women's rights movements have led to a loss of male dominance and have "unfairly" prevented men from their "entitled" access to women's bodies.
“Research on incel communities indicates that they believe feminism and women's rights movements have led to a loss of male dominance and have “unfairly” prevented men from their “entitled” access to women's bodies (Baele et al., 2019; Halpin, 2022; Halpin et al., 2023; O’Donnell & Shor, 2022).”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Incels view sexualized violence as a means to maintain a patriarchal gender order, even if incels themselves are relegated to occupying a subordinate position within that order.
“we will demonstrate that incels view sexualized violence as a means to maintain a patriarchal gender order, even if incels themselves are relegated to occupying a subordinate position within that order (Halpin, 2022).”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Men's performance of gender might involve both the selective distancing from and celebration of the subjugation of women, depending on their potential audiences.
“Accordingly, men's performance of gender might involve both the selective distancing from (Bridges & Pascoe, 2014; Halpin, 2022) and celebration of the subjugation of women, depending on their potential audiences (e.g., women or other men).”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
In previous work (Halpin, 2022), the authors argue that incels weaponize subordinate masculinity by positioning themselves as victims and "failed men" to justify both interpersonal and systemic violence against women.
“Likewise, in our previous work (Halpin, 2022), we argue that incels weaponize subordinate masculinity by positioning themselves as victims and “failed men” to justify both interpersonal and systemic violence against women.”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Incels endorse a "black pill" ideology, which asserts that women's mating preferences are biologically fixed, that women pursue the most physically attractive men, and that average-looking and unattractive men have no hope of establishing a heterosexual relationship.
“In addition to a “red pill” ideology, incels endorse a “black pill” ideology (e.g., Halpin, 2022; Solea & Sugiura, 2023), which asserts that women's mating preferences are biologically fixed, that women pursue the most physically attractive men, and that average-looking and unattractive men have no hope of establishing a heterosexual relationship.”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Incels position themselves as both victims and aggressors in their discussions of gender-based violence.
“Building on hybrid masculinity research and our previous work that demonstrates how incels weaponize performances of subordinate masculinity to legitimate male supremacy (Halpin, 2022), we argue that incels position themselves as both victims and aggressors in their discussions of gender-based violence.”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Incels' self-perceived victimization is a resource in their advocacy for stochastic gender-based violence.
“Incels’ self-perceived victimization (Halpin, 2022) is a resource in their advocacy for stochastic gender-based violence.”
From Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women (2025) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
Through hybrid masculine practice incels weaponise their subordination, using their perceived inferior status to justify their misogyny.
“Supporting Ging's position, Halpin's (2022) study demonstrates how through hybrid masculine practice incels weaponise their subordination, using their perceived inferior status to justify their misogyny.”
From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Halpin, 2022
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References 56 · Cited by 110
- Authors
- Halpin, M.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Halpin, Michael
- ORCID
- Halpin, Michael
- Venue
- Gender & Society
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-10-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 813-837
- ISSN
- 0891-2432 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3977
- OpenAlex
- W4301599602
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 23
- FWCI
- 24.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Gender & Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- incels, misogyny, lookism, subordinate masculinity, hybrid masculinity, online misogyny, Elliot Rodger, self-deprecation
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