The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The importance of ethics in leading an International Baccalaureate School in China
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the challenges that leaders and teachers face in a British-style, International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme school in China. Although there has been substantial literature devoted to the spread of International Baccalaureate Schools in East and Southeast Asia, relatively little research has been done on International Baccalaureate schools in China. This study investigated the cultural expectations of school leaders and how school leaders and teachers could negotiate these. A total of seven semi-structured interviews were held with school leaders and teachers to investigate these challenges. Twenty-four teachers were also surveyed. It was found that emotional intelligence and cultural awareness were vital for leaders. Furthermore, as achieving consensus can be very difficult in an international school setting, it was vital for leaders to rely on their ethical judgements and core principles.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This study also shows that British-style International Baccalaureate school principals balanced Confucian respect for authority with Western pedagogical philosophies to navigate cultural clashes through empathy and ethical judgment.”
From The Direct and Cascading Impacts of School Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence on Teachers and Students: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gibson (2024)
In the citing paper
“Gibson (2024) found that EI was reframed in China to emphasise hierarchical harmony and collective goal alignment implying a divergence from Western models that stress individual empowerment.”
From The Direct and Cascading Impacts of School Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence on Teachers and Students: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gibson (2024)
Citations
Cites
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste.
Warner, M., Bourdieu, P., & Nice, R. (1985) · MLN · doi:10.2307/2905454 · Cited by 14,110
Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (1991) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.40 · Cited by 8,742
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315456539 · Cited by 6,018
Merriam, S. B. (2014) · Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer, and management book series/Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer and management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7409-7.ch007 · Cited by 2,672
Robinson, V. M. J., Lloyd, C. A., & Rowe, K. J. (2008) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x08321509 · Cited by 2,549
Real world research : a resource for users of social research methods in applied settings
Robson, C. (2011) · Cited by 1,239
Fundamentals of Qualitative Research
Saldaña, J. (2011) · Cited by 1,179
Conducting research interviews
Rowley, J. (2012) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/01409171211210154 · Cited by 907
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119281856 · Cited by 889
A Review of Transformational School Leadership Research 1996–2005
Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2005) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700760500244769 · Cited by 776 · cited 1×
“…transformational theories of leadership, emphasising individuals who single-handedly inspire staff to work towards a clear direction and vision (Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005; Robinson et al., 2008), have been superseded by advocates of distributed leadership who encourage teachers to develop a…”
Lapadat, J. C., & Lindsay, A. C. (1999) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780049900500104 · Cited by 583
BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES
(2008) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2008.00422.x · Cited by 533
How I Stopped Dreading and Learned to Love Transcription
Bird, C. M. (2005) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800404273413 · Cited by 430
Hairon, S., & Dimmock, C. (2011) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2011.625111 · Cited by 313
Simkins, T. (2004) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143205048168 · Cited by 268
Doing your research project. A guide for first-time researchers
Babey, A. (2019) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2019.1675294 · Cited by 224
Language barriers and qualitative nursing research: methodological considerations
Squires, A. P. (2008) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00652.x · Cited by 215
Jabbar, H. (2015) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373715577447 · Cited by 189
Strategies of educational research : qualitative methods
Burgess, R. G. (1985) · Falmer Press eBooks · Cited by 182
School-based Research: A Guide for Education Students
Wilson, E. (2017) · Cited by 167
Gardner-McTaggart, A. C. (2014) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2014.959475 · Cited by 131
Stefkovich, J. A., & Begley, P. T. (2007) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143207075389 · Cited by 131
The relevance of emotional intelligence for leadership in a higher education context
Parrish, D. R. (2013) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2013.842225 · Cited by 112
Lee, M., Hallinger, P., & Walker, A. D. (2011) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2011.605475 · Cited by 110
Resnik, J. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2009.00440.x · Cited by 98
Stewart, Y. (2011) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2011.584430 · Cited by 93
The International Baccalaureate: international education and cultural preservation
Hayden, M., & Wong, C. S. D. (1997) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/0305569970230302 · Cited by 83
Making the right choices: ethical judgments among educational leaders
Eyal, O., Berkovich, I., & Schwartz, T. (2011) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578231111146470 · Cited by 82
The role of the principal’s emotional intelligence in primary education leadership
Brinia, V., Zimianiti, L., & Panagiotopoulos, K. (2014) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143213513183 · Cited by 73
Koo, H., & Park, C. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-017-9548-6 · Cited by 73
The Great Asian International School Gold Rush: an economic analysis
Machin, D. (2017) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240917722276 · Cited by 69
School choice and competition: a public‐market in education revisited
Bagley, C. (2006) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054980600775656 · Cited by 65
Wright, E., & Lee, M. (2014) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-014-9404-6 · Cited by 65
International Mindedness in Practice: The Evidence from International Baccalaureate Schools
Hacking, E. B., Blackmore, C., Bullock, K. M., Bunnell, T., Donnelly, M., & Martin, S. (2018) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240918764722 · Cited by 60
International Education and IB Programmes
Drake, B. (2004) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240904044387 · Cited by 57
Lin, K., & Huang, K.-P. (2012) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-012-9747-7 · Cited by 54
The Values of School Administration: Preferences, Ethics, and Conflicts
Begley, P. T., & Johansson, O. (2008) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268460801800405 · Cited by 53
Journal of Research in International Education
(2002) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/147524090200100101 · Cited by 52
Ho, S.-S., Holloway, A. S., & Stenhouse, R. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406919868354 · Cited by 50
Leadership of international schools
Keller, D. (2014) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143214543201 · Cited by 45
Wright, E., & Lee, M. (2014) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2014.924615 · Cited by 44
Lai, C., Shum, M. S. K., & Zhang, B. (2014) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2013.874159 · Cited by 42
Wright, E., Lin, J. C., & Lu, J. (2022) · Globalisation Societies and Education · doi:10.1080/14767724.2022.2115342 · Cited by 41
Internationally minded schools as cultural artefacts: Implications for school leadership
Hill, I. (2014) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240914556199 · Cited by 38
The promise of advantage: Englishness in IB international schools
Gardner-McTaggart, A. C. (2018) · Perspectives Policy and Practice in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13603108.2018.1456491 · Cited by 36
Leadership of professional learning communities in Singapore schools: The tight–loose balance
Ho, J. M. P. Y., Ong, M. W. L., & Tan, L. S. (2019) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143219833698 · Cited by 29
Developing Leaders for International Baccalaureate World Schools
Calnin, G., Waterson, M., Richards, S., & Fisher, D. (2018) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240918790703 · Cited by 27
Begley, P. T., & Stefkovich, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Educational Administration · doi:10.1108/09578230410525568 · Cited by 21
Tarc, P. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1515835 · Cited by 20
Leadership of international schools and the International Baccalaureate learner profile
Gardner-McTaggart, A. C. (2018) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143217745883 · Cited by 18
Coleman, M. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473957695.n17 · Cited by 18
Birds of a Feather: Senior International Baccalaureate International Schools Leadership in Service
Gardner-McTaggart, A. C. (2018) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/1475240918768295 · Cited by 10
(1950) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm195011232432114 · Cited by 9
Lofthouse, R. M., Hall, E., & Wall, K. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473957695.n12 · Cited by 9
Lee, M., Walker, A. D., & Bryant, D. A. (2018) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1515831 · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cambron-McCabe N, Senge P (2000) Schools that Learn. London: Nicholas Brealy.
- International Baccalaureate Organisation [IBO] (2017) What is an IB Education? Cardiff, Wales: International Baccalaureate Organisation.
- Mahsud R, Yukl G, Prussia G (2010) Leader empathy, ethical leadership and relations-oriented behaviours as antecedents of leader-member exchange quality. Journal of Management Psychology 25(6): 561–577.
- Swaffield S, MacBeath J (2008) Leadership and learning. In: MacBeath J, Dempster N (eds) Connecting Leadership and Learning: Principles for Practice. London: Routledge, pp.32–52.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sasere, O. B., & Matashu, M. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15091168 · Cited by 9
“Principals in British-style international schools in China alleviated teacher anxiety during cultural clashes by balancing Confucian and Western educational philosophies and emphasising empathy and ethical judgment (Gibson, 2024).”
InfluentialEmbracing Humility: A Case Study on the Transition of Former School Leaders to Subordinate Roles
Agua, C. J., Arambala, P. J. G., Fernandez, E., & Idulsa, M. (2024) · Journal of interdisciplinary perspectives · doi:10.69569/jip.2024.0541
Desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional en directivos de empresas turísticas
Miguel, B. P. D., Castro-Mustelier, E., & Aguilera, N. C. (2024) · Economía y Negocios · doi:10.29019/eyn.v16i1.1495
Metadata
- Authors
- Gibson, C.
- Affiliations
- Wellington College International Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Corresponding author
- Gibson, Conor
- ORCID
- Gibson, Conor
- Venue
- Management in Education
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2024-06-20
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 135-141
- ISSN
- 0892-0206 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-9883
- OpenAlex
- W4399856750
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Management in Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Leadership and Practices
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Teacher Training
- Social Sciences › Education › Global Education and Multiculturalism
- Keywords
- International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, international schools, school leadership, ethics in education, cultural expectations, emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, consensus building, moral judgment, teacher perceptions, China
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review