Tensile, thermal and ultra-violet shielding enhancement of poly (lactic acid) bionanocomposite film using cellulose nanocrystals extracted from sugarcane bagasse
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse fiber cellulose nanocrystals (SBFCNC) and microcrystalline cellulose-derived-cellulose nanocrystals (MCC-CNC) were extracted from sugarcane bagasse fiber (SBF; an agricultural waste) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), respectively. Both SBFCNC and MCC-CNC were synthesized using sulfuric acid hydrolysis followed by the freeze-drying method. Both MCC-CNC and SBFCNC show stable suspension in water with zeta potential values of – 40.5 mV and – 42.2 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the SBFCNC has a higher aspect ratio (l/d = 65) compared to the MCC-CNC (l/d = 25). The poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites containing of MCC-CNC and SBFCNC was prepared using solvent casting method, and the films are highly amorphous as evidenced from the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study. The tensile strength of PLA/SBFCNC-10 is higher than that of PLA/MCC-CNC-10 films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the thermal stability of PLA was improved significantly by the incorporation of MCC-CNC and SBFCNC. Poly(lactic acid)/SBFCNC-15 nanocomposites exhibited higher UV shielding properties (i.e., a UV blocking ratio of 0.63–0.66 in the UVA, UVB, and UVC regions) compared to PLA/MCC-CNC-15 nanocomposites (a UV blocking ratio in the range of 0.38–0.54). Sugarcane bagasse fiber cellulose nanocrystal is a potential biofiller that can provide good thermal stability and UV shielding properties for green bionanocomposites, which can give it an opportunity for food packaging applications.
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NC can act as a nucleating agent, accelerating PLA crystallization and enhancing its thermal resistance.
“Studies using DSC and TGA show that NC can act as a nucleating agent, accelerating PLA crystallization and enhancing its thermal resistance [14,16,17,65].”
Solvent casting enables good initial dispersion of NC in PLA due to solvent-assisted mixing.
“Solvent casting, often used in early-stage studies, enables good initial dispersion of NC in PLA due to solvent-assisted mixing [15,17,37,65,77]”
Tensile strength and Young's modulus of PLA composites increased notably with the incorporation of well-dispersed CNCs or CNFs, even at low filler contents (<5 wt.%).
“As highlighted in the literature [14,15,16,17,18,19], tensile strength and Young’s modulus of PLA composites increased notably with the incorporation of well-dispersed CNCs or CNFs, even at low filler contents (<5 wt.%).”
In PLA-based systems, nanocellulose enhances tensile strength, Young's modulus, and crystallinity.
“In PLA-based systems, NC has been shown to enhance tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and crystallinity [14,15,16,17,18,19]”
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“Studies using DSC and TGA show that NC can act as a nucleating agent, accelerating PLA crystallization and enhancing its thermal resistance [14,16,17,65].”
- Authors
- Khoo, R. Z., Chow, W. S., & Ismail, H.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
- Venue
- Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-05-11
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2543-2561
- ISSN
- 0892-7057 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-7980
- OpenAlex
- W4280491113
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiti Sains Malaysia Research University (RU) Grant (8014024)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, cellulose nanocrystals, sugarcane bagasse fiber, microcrystalline cellulose, bionanocomposite films, tensile strength, thermal stability, UV protection, agricultural waste valorization, bio-based fillers, food packaging, sulfuric acid hydrolysis, freeze-drying
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