The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication
Abstract
Emoticons are graphic representations of facial expressions that many e-mail users embed in their messages. These symbols are widely known and commonly recognized among computer-mediated communication (CMC) users, and they are described by most observers as substituting for the nonverbal cues that are missing from CMC in comparison to face-to-face communication. Their empirical impacts, however, are undocumented. An experiment sought to determine the effects of three common emoticons on message interpretations. Hypotheses drawn from literature on nonverbal communication reflect several plausible relationships between emoticons and verbal messages. The results indicate that emoticons’ contributions were outweighed by verbal content, but a negativity effect appeared such that any negative message aspect—verbal or graphic—shifts message interpretation in the direction of the negative element.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding
EKMAN, P., & FRIESEN, W. V. (1969) · Semiotica · doi:10.1515/semi.1969.1.1.49 · Cited by 3,316
Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication
Kiesler, S., Siegel, J., & McGuire, T. W. (1984) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.39.10.1123 · Cited by 2,630
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels.
Mehrabian, A., & Ferris, S. R. (1967) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024648 · Cited by 952
Nonverbal Behavior and Social Psychology
Heslin, R., & Patterson, M. L. (1982) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4181-9 · Cited by 45
Cited by
Emotions and Information Diffusion in Social Media—Sentiment of Microblogs and Sharing Behavior
Stieglitz, S., & Dang-Xuan, L. (2013) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222290408 · Cited by 1,604
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00811.x · Cited by 1,242
Self-citationThe role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Derks, D., Fischer, A. H., & Bos, A. E. R. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.04.004 · Cited by 865
Walther, J. B., Loh, T., & Granka, L. (2005) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x04273036 · Cited by 435
Self-citationButts, M. M., Becker, W. J., & Boswell, W. R. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0170 · Cited by 353
Metadata
- Authors
- Walther, J. B., & D’Addario, K. P.
- Venue
- Social Science Computer Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 324-347
- ISSN
- 0894-4393 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8286
- OpenAlex
- W2109712306
- Cited by
- 867
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 8.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/089443930101900307
- The paper
- Walther, J. B., & D’Addario, K. P. (2001). The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication. Social Science Computer Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/089443930101900307
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
