The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social Class, Contextualism, and Empathic Accuracy
Abstract
Recent research suggests that lower-class individuals favor explanations of personal and political outcomes that are oriented to features of the external environment. We extended this work by testing the hypothesis that, as a result, individuals of a lower social class are more empathically accurate in judging the emotions of other people. In three studies, lower-class individuals (compared with upper-class individuals) received higher scores on a test of empathic accuracy (Study 1), judged the emotions of an interaction partner more accurately (Study 2), and made more accurate inferences about emotion from static images of muscle movements in the eyes (Study 3). Moreover, the association between social class and empathic accuracy was explained by the tendency for lower-class individuals to explain social events in terms of features of the external environment. The implications of class-based patterns in empathic accuracy for well-being and relationship outcomes are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Participants who were temporarily induced to experience lower social class were better at recognizing emotions from the subtle cues available from the eye region of the face.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“lower‐class participants were more inclined to explain decisions they made in terms of situational rather than dispositional factors”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“lower‐class individuals score more highly on measures of empathy.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Côté, and Keltner (2010)
In the citing paper
“Subjective social class was again related to empathic accuracy, with lower‐class participants achieving a higher score.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2010)
In the citing paper
“High‐school‐educated participants attained a higher score than did their college‐educated counterparts.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Côté, and Keltner (2010)
In the citing paper
“the relation between subjective social class and empathy was found to be mediated by this tendency to explain decisions in terms of situational factors.”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus et al. (2010)
Citations
Cites
A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307
(1999) · Cited by 7,995
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586 · Cited by 5,080
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715 · Cited by 4,555
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313
(2006) · Cited by 3,705
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Power, approach, and inhibition.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265 · Cited by 3,427
Self-citation(1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,151
How College Affects Students: Findings and Insights From Twenty Years of Research.
Weidman, J. C., Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075453 · Cited by 3,072
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0028756 · Cited by 1,397
Self-citationIs the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature.
Anderson, C., Hildreth, J. A. D., & Howland, L. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038781 · Cited by 1,133
Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior
Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Côté, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118373109 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citationThe psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
Manstead, A. S. R. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12251 · Cited by 831
Zaki, J. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037679 · Cited by 923
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., & Keltner, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraus, Michael W.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-10-25
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1716-1723
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2133353131
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 70.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- social class, empathic accuracy, contextualism, emotion judgment, interpersonal relationships, well-being, emotional facial expressions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Emotions, Empathy, Facial Expression, Female, Hierarchy, Social, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Nonverbal Communication, Social Behavior, Social Class, Social Environment, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
