Cited by 906Urban Green Space and HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHealth disparities and outcomes

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Would You Be Happier Living in a Greener Urban Area? A Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data

White, Mathew P., Alcock, Ian, Wheeler, Benedict W., Depledge, Michael H.·2013·Psychological Science

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Abstract

Urbanization is a potential threat to mental health and well-being. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that living closer to urban green spaces, such as parks, is associated with lower mental distress. However, earlier research was unable to control for time-invariant heterogeneity (e.g., personality) and focused on indicators of poor psychological health. The current research advances the field by using panel data from over 10,000 individuals to explore the relation between urban green space and well-being (indexed by ratings of life satisfaction) and between urban green space and mental distress (indexed by General Health Questionnaire scores) for the same people over time. Controlling for individual and regional covariates, we found that, on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space. Although effects at the individual level were small, the potential cumulative benefit at the community level highlights the importance of policies to protect and promote urban green spaces for well-being.

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Authors: White, M. P., Alcock, I., Wheeler, B. W., & Depledge, M. H.
Affiliations: University of Exeter (GB)
Corresponding author: White, Mathew P.
ORCID: White, Mathew P.
Alcock, Ian
Wheeler, Benedict W.
Depledge, Michael H.
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-04-23
Volume: 24
Issue: 6
Pages: 920-928
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612464659
OpenAlex: W2120746786
Semantic Scholar: 513f5cd110cb3c1b93ab6f878bd7227e2d7abb78
Cited by: 906
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 10
FWCI: 40.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Association for Psychological Science
University of Exeter
European Regional Development Fund
European Social Fund
Topics: Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: urban green space, psychological distress, life satisfaction, well-being, urbanization, parks, mental health, urban planning policy
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environment Design, Female, United Kingdom, Happiness, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Stress, Psychological, Urban Population, Young Adult

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Would You Be Happier Living in a Greener Urban Area? A Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data

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