A Sinicised Religion Under Foreign Rule: Buddhism in the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)

May combine two claims.

The Jin period was a crucial time when Chan Buddhism gained dominance and began transmitting several major lines.

“The Jin witnessed a crucial time period during which Chan (Zen) Buddhism, later the most popular Buddhist school in China, gained dominance and began its transmission of several major lines.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “the Jin witnessed a crucial period during which Chan 禪 (Zen) Buddhism, which later became the most popular Buddhist school in China, came into dominance.It was under the Jin that the transmission of several major lines of Chan Buddhism began.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Chan Buddhism later became the most popular Buddhist school in China.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A major religious development in the Jin was the movement to unify Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism into the 'three teachings', which gained wider acceptance and was promoted by religionists and literati.

“A major religious development during the Jin was the movement towards unifying Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism into the 'three teachings' (sanjiao 三教).This movement was already well underway during the Northern Song and it continued into the Jin, when it gained wider acceptance and was promoted by both religionists and the educated literati.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many of the Jin's measures of religious control were adopted by later dynasties.

“Many of the Jin's measures of religious control were adopted by later dynasties.”

May combine two claims.

Although Buddhism flourished under the Jin, it did not receive the same level of imperial patronage as under the Tang and Liao.

“although Buddhism thrived under the Jin, it did not enjoy the level of imperial patronage that it had during the Tang and the Liao.”

• cites [5]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By the early thirteenth century, Chan Buddhism had overshadowed all other Buddhist schools and became the most popular Buddhist school in Jin.

“By the early thirteenth century, Chan Buddhism had overshadowed all other Buddhist schools and became the most popular Buddhist school in Jin.”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No Jin ruler gave Buddhism sustained and genuine devotion.

“Throughout the period, Buddhism did not receive sustained and genuine devotion from any of the Jin rulers.”

May combine two claims.

In 1142, Emperor Xizong summoned Chan master Haihui to Shangjing and appointed him abbot of the newly built Da Chuqing Monastery next to the imperial palace.

“Later this year, Emperor Xizong summoned the Chan master Haihui 海慧 (d.1145) to the Jin's principal capital at Shangjing 上京 (near present-day Harbin) and appointed him the abbot of the newly built Da Chuqing Monastery (Da Chuqing si 大儲慶寺), located next to the imperial palace.”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1162, Emperor Shizong issued an edict allowing monasteries and monks and nuns without official titles and certificates to purchase them; most monasteries that did so were Chan.

“Chan Buddhism received another impetus in 1162 when Emperor Shizong 世宗 (r.1161-89) issued an edict allowing monasteries and monks and nuns without official titles and certificates to purchase them.14 The majority of the monasteries that seized this opportunity to legitimise their monastic holdings belonged to the Chan school.”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most Jin religious policies were designed to place religions under strict government control for state interests; for Buddhism this was achieved through large-scale sale of monk certificates.

“Most of Jin's religious policies were designed to place religions under strict government control in order to serve the interests of the state; in the case of Buddhism, this was achieved by the states' large-scale sale of monk certificates.”

May combine two claims.

In 1142, Emperor Xizong granted a large number of ordinations, and about 300,000 people joined the Buddhist clergy, with 100,000 ordained in Yanjing alone.

“To celebrate the birth of his first son in 1142, Emperor Xizong 熙宗 (r.1135-50) granted a large number of ordination for monks and nuns, and some 300,000 people took advantage of this opportunity to join the Buddhist clergy.11 Among these, 100,000 were ordained in Yanjing alone.12”

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1162, Shizong named Chan master Yi as first abbot of Da Qingshou Monastery and ordered the Prince of Yan to bestow 20,000 strings of cash and 20 qing of land.

“When the Da Qingshou Monastery (Da Qingshou si 大慶壽寺) in Yanjing was completed in 1162, Shizong named the Chan master Yi 顗 as its first abbot and ordered the Prince of Yan to bestow on the monastery 20,000 strings of cash and 20 qing 頃 (approximately 300 acres) of land.31”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many Jin Buddhist monasteries were well off and some were quite wealthy, owning large tracts of land and receiving cash and gifts.

“As Buddhism thrived under Jin rule, the most Buddhist monasteries, as their counterparts during the Liao, were well off and some of them were indeed quite wealthy.Aside from cash and gifts acquired through contributions from followers and imperial bestowment, many monasteries owned large tracts of land.”

May combine two claims.

The Jin installed a system of selling monk certificates, and the Jin government was the only legitimate supplier.

“the Jin installed a system of selling monk certificates, and the Jin government was the only legitimate supplier.”

May combine two claims.

Although most Jin imperial family members were less devoted to Buddhism than their Khitan predecessors, many favoured Buddhism and presented themselves as patrons.

“Although most of Jin's imperial family members were not as devoted to Buddhism as their Khitan predecessors were, many of them did favour Buddhism and presented themselves as patrons of the religion.”

May combine two claims.

People who wanted to enter the Buddhist priesthood could take examinations organized by the Ministry of Rites to obtain a certificate, but the quota for successful candidates was very limited.

“Persons who wanted to enter the Buddhist priesthood could take examinations organised by the Ministry of Rites in order to obtain a certificate, but the quota for successful candidates were very limited.”

• cites Zhang Jinwu, JWZ: 55.580Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The selling of monk certificates reached a record high during Emperor Shizong's reign and was closely related to the economic pressure the Jin was experiencing at that time.

“That the selling of monk certificates reached a record high during Emperor Shizong's reign was closely related to the economic pressure that the Jin was experiencing at that time.”

May combine two claims.

Although some certificates were sold for grain, most were paid for in cash, normally ranging between 30,000 and 100,000.

“Although some certificates were sold for grain, most of them were paid for in cash, normally ranging between 30,000 and 100,000.”

• cites Hong Hao, SMJW: 16aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Cixiang Monastery in Pingyao reportedly had more than 1,000 rooms.

“The Cixiang Monastery (Cixiang si 慈相寺) in Pingyao 平遙, also in Shanxi province, reportedly had more than 1,000 rooms.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Jin institutionalised a state-controlled hierarchy of Buddhist monks similar to the Liao, and all important monastic appointments were decided by the government.

“A state-controlled hierarchy of Buddhist monks, for example, was institutionalised by the Jin, similar to the model of the Liao.In addition, all important monastic appointments were decided by the government.35”

• cites [35] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yelü Chucai was a late disciple of Wansong Xingxiu and studied with him for three years.

“Yelü Chucai 耶律楚材 (1189-243), one of the most distinguished statesmen and Confucian scholars of the period, was also a late disciple of Wansong Xingxiu and spent three year studying with him.21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Emperor Shizong built a pagoda to commemorate his mother's devotion and in 1170 ordered construction of the Chuiqing Monastery in the Eastern Capital to honour her.

“His mother, a pious Buddhist, died in the spring of 1161, shortly before his ascension to the throne; Shizong built a pagoda to commemorate her devotion.In 1170, the same ruler ordered the construction of the Chuiqing Monastery (Chuiqing si 垂情寺) in the Eastern Capital (modern Liaoyang 遼陽) to honour his mother.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Hong Hao observed that during the early years of the Jin, those who became monks did not need to pay for government certificates.

“during the early years of the Jin 'those who became monks did not need to pay for government certificates.'”

• cites Hong Hao, SMJW: 16aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shizong frequently visited Buddhist monasteries and most received generous imperial gifts.

“Throughout his reign, Shizong frequently paid personal visit to different Buddhist monasteries in his empire, and most of these monasteries received generous bestowment from the emperor himself.”

May combine two claims.

Wansong Xingxiu tried to combine the teachings of different Chan branches and advocated harmonisation of the three teachings, linking Buddhism with Daoism and Confucianism.

“Not only did Wansong Xingxiu attempt to combine the teachings of different Chan branches into one, he also advocated harmonisation of the 'three teachings', linking Buddhism with Daoism and Confucianism.”

May combine two claims.

From about 1230, when Xueting Fuyu became abbot of Shaolin, the Caodong transmission at Shaolin was believed to have been maintained without disruption, and for about five centuries almost all Shaolin abbots traced their succession to Xueting Fuyu.

“From about 1230 on, when Wansong Xingxiu's disciple Xueting Fuyu 雪庭富裕 (1203-75) became the abbot of the famed Shaolin Monastery (Shaolin si 少林寺), the Caodong transmission in the Shaolin Monastery was believed to had been maintained without disruption; for a period of about five centuries, almost all of the Shaolin abbots could trace their succession line back to Xueting Fuyu.20”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Yuan Haowen was disappointed to see so many Confucians taking up Buddhism, but he admired these new converts' zeal and urged his co-religionists to embrace Confucianism with the same enthusiasm as their Buddhist neighbours.

“Yuan Haowen 元好問 (1190-257), one of the most famous Confucian scholars in the Jin and Yuan periods, was disappointed to see so many Confucians taking up Buddhism.However, he also admired these new converts' zeal and urged his co-religionists to embrace Confucianism with the same enthusiasm as their Buddhist neighbours.”

• cites Yao, 'Buddhism and Taoism': 168Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yuan Haowen, Yishan Xiansheng Wenji: 36, 1b-2aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Almost all members of the Zhang family were devoted Buddhists, and despite variations in tomb construction, their decoration and burial objects largely followed family tradition.

“Almost all members of the Zhang family were devoted Buddhists, thus despite certain variations in tomb construction, their decoration and setting of burial objects largely followed family tradition.”

• cites Johnson, Women of the Conquest Dynasties: 68Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 1179, Shizong told his ministers that many people believe in Buddhism and Taoism to receive blessings, that he had been deluded in his early years but realized the wrongness of it, and that a ruler should govern through hard work rather than prayer.

“In 1179, for example, he said to his ministers: Many people believe in Buddhism and Taoism [because they] want to receive blessings.In my early years I was also deluded by them, but soon I realised the wrongness of it.”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 7.173Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Honouring Lady Liu's request, Zhangzong and Lady Dian built the Daming Monastery.

“Honouring her request, Zhangzong and Lady Dian built the Daming Monastery (Daming si 大明寺).”

• cites Yuwen Maozhao, DJGZ: 36.276Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many Jin Buddhist devotees organized local Buddhist societies to support local monasteries.

“Many Jin Buddhist devotees organised local Buddhist societies to support local monasteries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The mother of Emperor Zhangzong, Lady Liu, liked reading Buddhist books the most.

“The mother of Emperor Zhangzong, a Bohai woman called Lady Liu 劉 (1139-63), for instance, 'liked reading Buddhist books the most.'”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 64.1526Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1216 an imperial edict approved a suggestion that the post of a prefectural supervisor of Buddhist monasteries could be purchased for 70 dan of millet, and a one-year stint as a monastery director would cost 10 dan of millet.

“In 1216, an imperial edict approved the suggestion made by a Buddhist monk from Yaozhou 耀州 (Shaanxi province) that in order to cope with vast military expenditures, the post of a prefectural supervisor of Buddhist monasteries could be purchased for 70 dan 石 (approximately 2,200 kilos) of millet, and a one-year stint as a monastery director would cost 10 dan (approximately 300 kilos) of millet.”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 50.1126Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Liu Pujiang, 'Liao Jin de Fojiao zhengce': 237Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

During the last decades of the Jin, especially after Yanjing was lost to the Mongols in 1215, the government was severely short of funds, so the sale of certificates and titles redoubled and even monastic posts were put up for sale.

“During the last decades of the Jin, in particular after the principal capital at Yanjing was lost to the Mongols in 1215, the government was severely short of funds; as a result, the sale of certificates and titles redoubled, and even monastic posts were put up for sale.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After the audience, two ministers each received 20 flogs at court, and the monk Fabao, charged with pomposity, received 200 flogs.

“After the audience, two ministers each received 20 flogs at the court, and the monk, being charged with pomposity, received 200 flogs.”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 5.103-4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 83.1861Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A striking example of Jin Buddhist sutras is the Tripitaka printed in Shanxi between 1139 and 1173, popularly called the Zhaocheng Tripitaka because it was originally stored at the Guangsheng Monastery in Zhaocheng, Shanxi.

“A striking example of Jin Buddhist sutras is the Tripitaka.Printed in Shanxi between 1139 and 1173, it is popularly referred to as the Zhaocheng Tripitaka (Zhaocheng Jinzang 趙 城金藏) because it was originally stored at the Guangsheng Monastery (Guangsheng si 廣勝寺) in Zhaocheng, Shanxi province.”

• cites Liu Yurui, Guangsheng si yu Zhaocheng jinzangNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lady Li, mother of Emperor Shizong, opposed the traditional Jurchen practice of levirate and chose to become a nun after her husband died.

“Lady Li 李 (?-1161), mother of Emperor Shizong, opposed the traditional Jurchen practice of levirate and chose to become a nun after her husband died.”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 64.1518Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Imai Hidenori, 'Kinchō ni okeru jikan meigaku no hatsubai': 9Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Lady Liu's tomb epitaph records that on her deathbed she asked for a monastery to be established for her family's souls and said she had saved 700,000 cash for it.

“The inscription of her tomb epitaph notes that when the emperor and his concubine attended the Empress Dowager on her deathbed, the Empress Dowager said to the concubine, Lady Dian 奠 (1150s): 'I want to establish a monastery for the souls of my family.I have [saved] 700,000 cash.Use my money to build the monastery.'”

• cites Yuwen Maozhao, DJGZ: 36.276Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Written sources frequently mention Jin emperors' visits and donations to temples, but none of the known Jurchen tombs contain clear religious elements.

“Written sources frequently mention Jin emperors' visits and their donations to temples, but none of the known Jurchen tombs contain any clear religious elements.”

• cites Johnson, Women of the Conquest Dynasties: 60-5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Li Chunfu, an established literatus and lay Buddhist, was known for courageously defending Buddhism from the criticism of Song Confucian scholars.

“Li Chunfu 李純甫 (1177-23), an established literatus and a lay Buddhist, was known for courageously defending Buddhism from the criticism of Song Confucian scholars.”

• cites Liu Qi, Guiqian Zhi: 9, 105Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In 1196, Emperor Zhangzong issued an edict allowing all older Buddhist masters to ordain two to three disciples, and all those already ordained over the age of forty could ordain one disciple each.

“In 1196, Emperor Zhangzong even issued an edict to allow all older Buddhist masters to ordain two to three disciples, and all those already ordained over the age of forty could ordain one disciple each.”

• cites Tuotuo, JS: 10.239Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yao, 'Buddhism and Taoism': 164Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For a long time the Yanshan Monastery was believed to be a Yuan construction, but the 1974 discovery of several inscriptions with Jin dates revealed it to be one of the very few still surviving Jin buildings.

“For a long time the monastery was believed to be a Yuan construction, but the 1974 discovery of several inscriptions with Jin dates revealed it to be one of the very few still surviving Jin buildings.”

• cites Karetzky, 'The Recently Discovered Chin Dynasty Murals'Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chai Zejun and Zhang Chouliang, Fanzhi Yanshan siNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jin Buddhism received substantial but not extravagant imperial support and generous lay donations.

“It enjoyed considerable, though not excessive, imperial patronage and received generous contributions from its followers.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “During the Jin, Buddhism enjoyed considerable, though not excessive, imperial patronage and acquired generous contributions from its followers.”

May combine two claims.

Shizong and Zhangzong's reigns were especially important because sinicisation advanced unusually fast then.

“It should be noted that the reigns of Shizong and Zhangzong were a period of special significance in Jin history, during which the sinicisation process was proceeding at an unprecedented pace.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The composition of the Zhaocheng Tripitaka differed significantly from its Song counterparts.

“At the same time, the composition of Zhaocheng Tripitaka differed significantly from its Song counterparts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wansong also said Yelü Chucai used Buddhist teaching for self-cultivation, family order, and governance, matching the Great Learning's Confucian programme.

“He also noted that Yelü Chucai followed the Buddhist doctrine to rectify his mind, cultivate his person, keep order in his family, and rule the country, exactly the same as ordered in the Confucian classic the Great Learning (Daxue 大學).82”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

During the Jin century, Pure Land and Discipline gave way to Chan as the leading school, which then began several major transmission lines.

“The century of the Jin rule witnessed a crucial transformation from the Pure Land and the Discipline to Chan Buddhism as the most dominant school, which soon started the transmission of several of its major lines.”

May combine two claims.

Most Jin literati, particularly late in the dynasty, combined growing Neo-Confucian influence with a generally favourable stance toward Buddhism.

“Although the Jin literati, especially those of the late Jin, were in general increasingly under the influence of Neo-Confucianism Lixue, most of them also tried to maintain a favourable attitude towards Buddhism.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Jin literati were in general increasingly under the influence of Neo-Confucianism Lixue.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Depicting the debate between Vimalakirti and the Bodhisattva Manjusri, this work differs significantly from most other Jin paintings in the religious significance of its subject matter.

“Depicting the debate between the cultured Buddhist layman Vimalakirti and the Bodhisattva Manjusri, this work differs significantly from most other Jin paintings in the religious significance of its subject matter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Similar frontispieces first appeared during the Tang as embellishments of sacred scriptures and were also present in the Diamond Sutra, the earliest surviving woodblock-printed sutra frontispiece illustration dating back to 868.

“Similar frontispieces, first appearing during the Tang as embellishments of sacred scriptures, were also present in the Diamond Sutra (Jin'gang Jing 金剛經), the earliest surviving woodblock-printed sutra frontispiece illustration dating back to 868.”

• cites Wood and Barnard, The Diamond SutraNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Vimalakirti Proclaiming the Doctrine is a Jin handscroll attributed to Ma Yunqing, now held by the National Palace Museum in Beijing.

“one exception is found in the Vimalakirti Proclaiming the Doctrine (Weimo Yanjiao Tu 維摩演教圖), a Jin handscroll attributed to Ma Yunqing 馬雲卿 (fl.1220s) now held by the National Palace Museum in Beijing.”

• cites Gugong Bowuyuan, Gugong wenwu dadian: 180-1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bush, 'Archaeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty': 202-7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a preface to Yelü Chucai's essays, Wansong described Yelü's learning as his school's 'illustrious formula' and likened it to Confucius and Mencius.

“In his preface to his lay disciple Yelü Chucai's collected essays, he remarked that Yelü Chucai's learning was the 'illustrious formula' (xianxue 顯學) of his school and this 'illustrious formula' was comparable to the teachings of Confucius and Mencius.”

• cites [82]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jin rulers used various policies to create an organised Buddhist establishment, with ranked monks and monk-officials.

“The Jin rulers adopted a variety of measures and policies to establish an organised religion, employing a hierarchy of monks and recruiting monk-officials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The beginning of each juan of the Zhaocheng Tripitaka was embellished with an illustrated frontispiece showing the Buddha and his entourage.

“In addition, the beginning of each juan was embellished with an illustrated frontispiece showing the Buddha and his entourage.”

May combine two claims.

Although a few sutras were printed on waxy yellow paper, most were printed on white mulberry-bark paper and mounted on yellow external backing papers, as was typical of fine prints made in Shanxi during the Song and Jin periods.

“Although a few were printed on waxy yellow paper, most of the sutras were printed on white mulberry-bark paper and mounted on yellow external backing papers, as was typical of fine prints made in Shanxi during the Song and Jin periods.”

May combine two claims.

Surviving paintings from the Jin period are in general very few, and most of them are executed in the literati rather than religious tradition.

“Although surviving paintings from the Jin period are in general very few and most of them are executed in the literati rather than religious tradition, one exception is found in the Vimalakirti Proclaiming the Doctrine (Weimo Yanjiao Tu 維摩演教圖), a Jin handscroll attributed to Ma Yunqing 馬雲卿 (fl.1220s) now held by the National Palace Museum in Beijing.”

May combine two claims.

Most Jin rulers were not deeply pious and stayed largely neutral toward Buddhism.

“Some members of the Jurchen imperial household, such as Emperor Shizong and his mother, were personally interested in Buddhism and showered patronage on various monasteries; nevertheless, most Jin rulers were not particularly devout Buddhists and remained essentially neutral towards Buddhism.”

May combine two claims.

The state patronised Buddhism while prohibiting unauthorised temple construction and controlling ordination through its monopoly on monk certificates.

“The state supported Buddhism through imperial patronage, but unauthorised private construction of Buddhist temples and monasteries was banned, and the ordination of monks was strictly controlled through the state's monopoly on selling monk certificates.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Zhaocheng Tripitaka was first started by a lay Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, received donations from many local Buddhist followers, and the whole printing project lasted over three decades.

“First started by a lay Buddhist nun by the name of Cui Fazhen 崔法珍 (fl.1160s), the initiative received donations from a multitude of local Buddhist followers and the whole printing project lasted over three decades.”

• cites Liu Yurui, Guangsheng si yu Zhaocheng jinzangNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Inside the secondary hall dedicated to the Bodhisattva Manjusri, there are large wall murals depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha Sakyamuni and other Buddhist tales.

“Inside the secondary hall dedicated to the Bodhisattva Manjusri, there are large wall murals which depict scenes from the events in the life of the Buddha Sakyamuni and other Buddhist tales.”

• cites Karetzky, 'The Recently Discovered Chin Dynasty Murals': 246Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recent compilation of the Zhonghua Dazangjing was mainly based on the Zhaocheng Tripitaka.

“In fact, even the recent compilation of the Zhonghua Dazangjing 中華大藏經 (The Great Tripitaka of China) was mainly based on the Zhaocheng Tripitaka.”

• cites Yao, 'Buddhism and Taoism': 174Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hu, Visible Traces: 22Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Zhaocheng Tripitaka was discovered in a hall of the Guangsheng Monastery in 1933, was not mentioned in any catalogues or bibliographies, yet was indispensable in the transmission of Buddhist sutras in China.

“Discovered in a hall of the Guangsheng Monastery in 1933, this Tripitaka was not mentioned in any catalogues or bibliographies, yet it was indispensable in the transmission of Buddhist sutras in China.”

• cites Liu Yurui, Guangsheng si yu Zhaocheng jinzangNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Although the settings of the Yanshan Monastery mural scenes contain some architectural innovations, the basic compositions of the stories follow long-established iconographic patterns in China.

“Second, although the settings of the scenes contain some architectural innovations, the basic compositions of the stories follow long-established iconographic patterns in China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On the western and southern walls in particular, there are vivid illustrations of street scenes, market squares, wine shops, and palace buildings, all done in a detailed and natural style.

“On the western and the southern walls in particular, there are vivid illustrations of street scenes, market squares, wine shops, and palace buildings, all done in a detailed and natural style.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For a long time the handscroll had been attributed to Li Gonglin, but now it is commonly accepted that it is most likely a hand-copy of Li's work done by Ma around 1229.

“For a long time the handscroll had been attributed to the noted Northern Song painter Li Gonglin 李公麟 (1049-ca.1106), but now it is commonly accepted that it is most likely a hand-copy of Li's work done by Ma sometime around 1229.”

• cites Gugong Bowuyuan, Gugong wenwu dadian: 180-1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bush, 'Archaeological Remains of the Chin Dynasty': 202-7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many Jin rulers, notably Shizong and Zhangzong, both worried about Buddhism's value and supported monasteries and monks.

“Observing the extent of Buddhism's popularity both within the imperial clan and among the officialdom, many Jin rulers, especially Shizong and Zhangzong, expressed their doubts and concerns about the value of Buddhism.Yet at the same time, they also supported and honoured many Buddhist monasteries and monks.”

May combine two claims.

Certain Jurchen imperial family members, including Shizong and his mother, took personal interest in Buddhism and funded monasteries.

“Some members of the Jurchen imperial household, such as Emperor Shizong and his mother, were personally interested in Buddhism and showered patronage on various monasteries; nevertheless, most Jin rulers were not particularly devout Buddhists and remained essentially neutral towards Buddhism.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Most non-Chinese peoples in north and northeast China during the Jin period adopted Buddhism, and sinicised Buddhism was widely seen as its source.

“Most of them embraced Buddhism and the sinicised Buddhism was largely considered as the source of this religion.”

May combine two claims.

The Jinshi records that Agunai, an early Wanyan ancestor, was a devout Buddhist who came from Goryeo to Manchuria with his younger brother Hanpu.

“It recorded that as early as the tenth century, one of the first ancestors of the later imperial Wanyan 完顏 clan, Agunai 阿古廼, had been a devout Buddhist.He had come with his younger brother Hanpu 函普 from Goryeo to the Jurchen homeland in Manchuria.8”

• cites [8] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Jurchen had contact with Buddhism long before they founded their dynasty, even though Shamanism was their most important archaic tradition.

“Though Shamanism was the most important archaic tradition of the Jurchen people, they had already come into contact with Buddhism long before the founding of their own dynasty.6”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Knowledge of Jin Buddhism is indispensable for understanding Jin culture and the broader development of medieval Chinese cultural traditions.

“knowledge of Jin Buddhism is indispensable to understanding the Jin culture which, in turn, is essential to understanding the general development of the multifaceted cultural traditions in medieval China.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “an understanding of Jin Buddhism is also key to comprehending specific aspects of Jin culture that, in turn, are essential to understand the general transformation of Chinese religious and even socio-political landscape that took place between the Tang and Ming dynasties.”

May combine two claims.

After the Jurchen conquered the Liao, they encountered a thriving Buddhist scene that had received considerable patronage from the Liao court.

“Later, when the Jurchen rebelled against the Liao and conquered it, they encountered a thriving Buddhism scene which had received considerable patronage from the Liao court.”

May combine two claims.

Both Buddhism under Jin rule and the Jin dynasty served as an important link in the long chain of Chinese cultural history.

“both Buddhism under Jin rule and the dynasty itself functioned as a significant link in the long chain of Chinese cultural history.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “both the Jin and Buddhism in the Jin period had functioned as a significant link in the long chain of China's cultural and intellectual history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Emperor Shizong was perhaps the most passionate advocate of Buddhism among Jin rulers.

“Among all the Jin rulers, Emperor Shizong was perhaps the most passionate advocate of Buddhism.”

May combine two claims.

Some individual Jin Buddhist monks amassed vast personal fortunes, as illustrated by a Songmo Jiwen story of a wealthy monk burned to death over debts.

“This was no doubt an extraordinary case, yet it did reveal that some of the Buddhist monks in the Jin must had been very wealthy to the point of engendering serious conflicts between the clergy and the common people.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Imperial patronage was tightly linked with strict state control on Buddhism, because worship was a political act that could win support of religious groups.

“Such imperial patronage was tightly linked with strict state control on Buddhism, as worship was a political act that could be used to win the support of religious groups.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Worship was a political act that could be used to win support of religious groups.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These findings are reflections of the living situation of their occupants in life.

“Moreover, they are reflections of the living situation of their occupants in life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These findings are important clues to the synthesis of Buddhist and Chinese views of, and ways to deal with, life after death.

“These findings, though limited, are important clues to the synthesis of Buddhist and Chinese views of, and the ways to deal with, life after death.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To make his people place their belief in him and his ministers instead of religions would cement his power and legitimacy as the ultimate ruler.

“To make his people place their belief in him and his ministers instead of religions would cement his power and legitimacy as the ultimate ruler.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Because Lady Liu was originally from Bohai, where Buddhism had a long and vibrant tradition, she was most likely already a devoted Buddhist before joining the Jin harem.

“Since the empress was originally from Bohai, where Buddhism enjoyed a long and vibrant tradition, she was most likely already a devoted Buddhist before joining the Jin harem.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Buddhism had a long and vibrant tradition in Bohai.

May combine two claims.

Generally, the Jin court's attitude toward Buddhism emphasized control, and even imperial patronage was motivated more by the desire to secure state income than by religious devotion.

“Generally speaking, however, the attitude of the Jin court towards Buddhism was one that emphasised control, and even imperial patronage was motivated more by the desire to secure state income than sheer religious devotion.”

May combine two claims.

The Zhaocheng Tripitaka carried on the tradition of printing Buddhist Tripitaka in northern China and incorporated many Buddhist printing elements that were distinctively Jin.

“In this regard, not only did the Zhaocheng Tripitaka carry on the tradition of printing Buddhist Tripitaka in northern China but also incorporated many Buddhist printing elements that were distinctively Jin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Mongol-Manchu contrast also appears in the Khitan-Jurchen comparison: Khitan were proto-Mongol, Jurchen Tungusic and ancestral to the Manchus.

“The differences in the pattern of rule between the Mongols and the Manchus can also be observed in the comparison between the Khitan and the Jurchen: the former a group of people of proto-Mongol stock, the latter a group of Tungusic people and the ethnic ancestors of the Manchus.”

May combine two claims.

The Jin era was an irreplaceable link in Chinese Buddhist tradition and in Chinese intellectual-cultural history broadly.

“In this respect, the Jin period played an important role as an irreplaceable link not only in the long tradition of Chinese Buddhism but also for Chinese intellectual and cultural history as a whole.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The transmission line started by Wansong Xingxiu continued uninterrupted for five centuries.

May combine two claims.

Jin rulers faced a basic dilemma from conflicting Jurchen and Chinese elite interests and from balancing the two cultural systems.

“All Jin rulers were seemingly caught in a fundamental dilemma created by contradictory interests of the Jurchen and Chinese elites and by the need for preserving a precarious balance between Jurchen and Chinese cultural practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Susan Bush's reading is that this painting demonstrates a fusion of Confucian and Buddhist elements.

“Indeed, the painting itself, as Susan Bush has cogently pointed out, exemplifies a 'syncretic Confucian-Buddhism'.”

• cites [80]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

How Jin rulers accepted Buddhism and changed their attitudes exemplifies a broader pattern of non-Chinese rule in Chinese history, with the Jurchen as a key case.

“More intriguing and important is the process of how Buddhism was accepted by the Jin rulers and how their attitudes towards Buddhism changed reflect much of the general pattern of non-Chinese rule in Chinese history, of which the Jurchen was an important one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Understanding Jin Buddhism is necessary for grasping particular features of Jin culture, which in turn matter for understanding China's multicultural society and cultural traditions.

“In this sense, it is clear that Jin Buddhism is indispensable to understanding to specific aspects of Jin culture that, in turn, are essential to understanding the general development of a multicultured Chinese society and its multifaceted cultural traditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The information provided by the narrative settings of the Yanshan Monastery murals is of critical importance for a stylistic survey of Jin paintings and greatly enriches understanding of Buddhist art during the Jin and life in a Jin city.

“The information provided by the narrative settings of these murals is not only of critical importance for a stylistic survey of Jin paintings but it also greatly enriches our understanding of Buddhist art during the Jin and the life in a Jin city.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The harmonisation of the three teachings gained wider elite acceptance in the Northern Song, persisted through Jin and Yuan, and peaked in the Ming.

“This trend became more widely accepted among the literati elite during the Northern Song, embodied by celebrated figures such as Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037-101), and continued throughout the Jin and Yuan, before reaching its zenith of influence during the Ming 明 (1368-644).81”

• cites [81]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Jin Buddhist history produced a rich material-culture corpus that is a valuable primary source for studying Buddhism and other Chinese religions.

“Such historical development of Buddhism created a large corpus of material culture, providing invaluable primary sources for the study of Buddhism and other religions in China.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Wittfogel and Feng stress that Khitan-Jurchen attitudinal differences are as striking as the stronger assimilation trends compared with Liao.

“Such differences in attitudes, as Karl A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng stress, 'are as striking as the trends towards assimilation which were much more marked than under the preceding Liao Dynasty.' 89”

• cites [89]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Jin contributed at least as much as the Song to Buddhist development, even though both the dynasty and its Buddhism are usually overshadowed by Song Buddhism.

“Although both the Jin dynasty and Buddhism in the Jin have been conventionally overlooked in the shadow of a thriving Buddhist culture in the Song, the Jin, as the earlier discussion reveals, was at least as important to the development of Buddhism as the Song.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Yanshan Monastery murals offer valuable insights into several aspects of Jin Buddhism and Jin society.

“These murals offer us valuable insights into several aspects of Jin Buddhism and Jin society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Mongols largely kept their own traditions and rejected Chinese ways, which many believe helped shorten their rule in China.

“Whereas the Mongols remained relatively loyal to their own traditions and refused to accept the Chinese way of life, which is widely believed to be one of the main reasons they did not maintain their power in China very long, the Manchus ruled China much longer, but only after they adopted the Chinese culture on a large scale and achieved a Sino-Manchu synthesis.88”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Manchus ruled China much longer, but only after extensive adoption of Chinese culture and a Sino-Manchu synthesis.

“Whereas the Mongols remained relatively loyal to their own traditions and refused to accept the Chinese way of life, which is widely believed to be one of the main reasons they did not maintain their power in China very long, the Manchus ruled China much longer, but only after they adopted the Chinese culture on a large scale and achieved a Sino-Manchu synthesis.88”

• cites [88]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The Jurchen Jin fits this general pattern.

“The Jurchen Jin is in this respect no exception.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Buddhism, originally foreign to China, became a thoroughly sinicised religion rooted in Chinese soil.

“Buddhism, once a foreign belief that entered China at the turn of the millennium, has evolved into a highly sinicised religion firmed based in Chinese soil.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Yao Tao-chung argued that Jin rulers doubted religion's efficacy and supported it mainly for revenue or services, not piety.

“As Yao Tao-chung observed, the Jin rulers were 'skeptical about the efficacy of religion' and their limited support was also 'motivated by the ruler's desire to raise revenues or secure services from the religious groups than by pious devotion'.84”

• cites [84]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.