Perinatal Death: Uncovering the Needs of Midwives and Nurses and Exploring Helpful Interventions in the United States, England, and Japan
Abstract
Perinatal death is a crisis for midwives and nurses as well as for bereaved parents and extended families. Surveys and interviews conducted in the United States, England, and Japan described the needs and responses of nurses and mid-wives as they coped with their own feelings while caring for bereaved parents. Results emphasized common needs of caregivers for increased knowledge, mentored experience, communication skills, and personal support to confidently provide sensitive care to families. Although need for education regarding cultural-specific care was revealed, participants identified helpful strategies of care for bereaved parents that could extend and improve care universally.
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Midwives find caring for bereaved families stressful and emotionally challenging.
“Midwives find caring for bereaved families stressful and emotionally challenging [17]”
From Systematic review to understand and improve care after stillbirth: a review of parents’ and healthcare professionals’ experiences (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
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“This is supported by previous researchers who have likewise suggested that psychological and emotional support for nurses is necessary to enable them to support bereaved parents (Gardner 1999; Birtwistle et al. 2002; Chan et al. 2004).”
ResultInvestigating factors associate to nurses’ attitudes towards perinatal bereavement care
Chan, M. F., Lou, F., Arthur, D. G., Cao, F., Wu, L. H., Li, P., ローゼマイヤー, み. 相., Chung, L. Y. F., & Lui, L. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02007.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Perinatal loss defies the modern expectation of a healthy outcome for pregnancy and has been demonstrated to be as profound and significant as any other type of bereavement (Gardner 1999, Chambers & Chan 2000).”
BackgroundPerinatal death: bereavement interventions used by US and Spanish nurses and midwives
Steen, S. E. (2015) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2015.21.2.79 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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“Later work by Gardner (43) demonstrated commonality ª 2012 The Authors Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica ª 2012 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology 92 (2013) 352–361356 between midwives and nurses working in the USA, England and Japan, with many expressing that they lacked mentored…”
A pilot study on nurses' attitudes toward perinatal bereavement support: a cluster analysis
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Needs of Labor and Delivery Nurses Caring for Women Undergoing Pregnancy Termination
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“Pregnancy loss is described as a “life crisis” for parents and healthcare professionals (Gardner, 1999), and it presents a unique and challenging experience for nurses caring for these families.”
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McCool, W. F., Guidera, M., Stenson, M. H., & Dauphinee, L. A. (2009) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330903134455 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Gardner (1999) surveyed nurses and midwives in the United States, England, and Japan after they had experienced a perinatal death.”
BackgroundAttitudes of Nurses Toward Perinatal Bereavement
Chan, M. F., Wu, L. H., Day, M. C., & Chan, S. H. (2005) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/00005237-200507000-00010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Survey Comparing the Attitudes Toward Perinatal Bereavement Care of Nurses From Three Asian Cities
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“…did not find support for the influence on attitudes of age (Engler & Lasker, 2000), education level (Engler et al., 2004), related bereavement training/courses (Gardner, 1999; Yam et al., 2001), or religious belief (Chan et al., 2004), once the confounding influence of the city variable was added.”
BackgroundResponding to catastrophe: a case study of learning from perinatal death in midwifery practice
Laing, R. E., Fetherston, C. M., & Morrison, P. (2020) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.02.016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nurses' attitudes towards perinatal bereavement support in Hong Kong: a pilot study
Chan, M. F., Chan, S. H., & Day, M. C. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00746.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Modiba, L. M. (2008) · Health SA Gesondheid · doi:10.4102/hsag.v13i4.402 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“She used the topic guide developed by Gardner (1999).”
MethodRETRACTED: Attitudes of midwives towards perinatal bereavement in Hong Kong
Chan, M. F., Lou, F.-L., Zang, Y.-L., Chung, Y. F., Wu, L. H., Cao, F.-L., & Li, P. (2007) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2006.05.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Midwifery educators must focus on the affective domain, as well as the cognitive learning needs, of midwives when perinatal bereavement is addressed (Todman and Jauncey, 1986; Gardner, 1999).”
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RetractedCoping Strategies of Norwegian Healthcare Professionals Facing Perinatal Death—A Qualitative Study
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“Healthcare professionals´ perceptions and needs while caring for bereaved parents was not examined until 1999, when Gardner studied it in healthcare professionals working closely with parents: midwives and nurses (Gardner, 1999).”
Kaburu, E. W., Aimakhu, C. O., Kamau, T. M., & Owor, M. O. (2024) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2024-001050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“A similar finding has been reported by Jonas-Simpson et al. 14 Despite the knowledge of the psychological impact of perinatal death on caregivers dating back to the 1990s, 36 the interventions that aim to address these are not proportionate to the effect.”
Perinatal bereavement support: a quantitative study
Chan, M. F., Day, M. C., & Chan, S. H. (2005) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2005.13.8.18568 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Chitambira, M., Mavondo, G. A., Mavondo, J., & Gwatiringa, C. (2023) · Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i09.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A possibility exists of midwives having limited experience in working with bereaved parents, limited knowledge about the grief process, lack appropriate communication skills or do not receive necessary support from their colleagues [28].”
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A support programme for mothers with perinatal loss in South Africa
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“3％，父 親，母親どちらもの体験を見聞きした経験のある者は 42.6％であった。このことから，父親がケアの対象で ある認識は高い一方で，死産のケア経験や父親，母親 の体験を知ることによる知識が積み重ならない状況が あると推測される。子どもを失った父親は，悲しみの 一方で，父親と夫の両方の役割を果たさなければなら ないことが報告されている（山崎，2011；今村，2012）。 “強いもの”という男性に対する社会の圧力は，多大 な負担を引き起こし，多くの必要な支援を得る妨げに なるとの指摘もある（Joann, Clare, 2006）。子どもを亡 くした父親の悲しみは，時に母親より遅れて現れる…”
InfluentialUnderstanding stress and burnout in birth suitemidwives
Walpole, L. M. (2011) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
Ämmaemandate kogemused perinataalse surmaga-kvalitatiivne uurimus Tartu Ülikooli Kliinikumis
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Navarro, A. M. A., Cruz-Rojas, A. S., & Rodríguez-Cely, M. F. (2025) · Revista Investigación en Salud Universidad de Boyacá · doi:10.24267/23897325.1358
Stoicism and Nursing Care in Perinatal Grief: An Integrative Literature Review
Santos, J. S., Santos, V. D. F., de Almeida, M. E. M., Ferreira, U. R., Mesquita, A. D. L., Lemos, A. M., Abreu, V. S. M., & Aquino, P. D. S. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.70699
- Authors
- Gardner, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Gustavus Adolphus College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, Judith M.
- Venue
- Journal of Transcultural Nursing
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-04
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 120-130
- ISSN
- 1043-6596 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7832
- OpenAlex
- W2054121630
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Transcultural Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- perinatal death, midwives, nurses, bereaved parents, bereavement support, caregiver needs, culturally sensitive care, communication skills, mentoring, transcultural nursing
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Death, Clinical Competence, Cross-Cultural Comparison, England, Female, Grief, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Japan, Nurse Midwives, Nursing Staff, Parents, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Maternal-Child Nursing, Transcultural Nursing, Needs Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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