QCA, 25 Years after “The Comparative Method”: Mapping, Challenges, and Innovations—Mini-Symposium
Abstract
Current standard practices put sufficiency at the core of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), while the analysis of necessity is limited to the test of necessary conditions. Here, we argue that the possibilities of QCA in the latter domain are much greater. In particular, it can be used to empirically confront theories centered on necessary relations and that involved various conditions. A new operation, labeled "the systemic necessity assessment," is therefore introduced. To show its added value, a published QCA study that confronts theories centered on necessary relations but using regular minimization is replicated.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The QCA approach is traditionally considered to tackle external validity, internal validity, and mode of reasoning through a strong case orientation.
“The QCA approach is traditionally considered to tackle these issues through a strong case orientation (Rihoux 2013).”
From Designing Research With Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): Approaches, Challenges, and Tools (2017) · cites this paper as Rihoux 2013
All QCA studies are configuration oriented, since they conceive of cases as a configuration of attributes.
“All QCA studies are configuration oriented, since they conceive of cases as a configuration of attributes (Rihoux 2013:238).”
From Designing Research With Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): Approaches, Challenges, and Tools (2017) · cites this paper as Rihoux 2013:238
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pluye, P., & Hong, Q. N. (2014) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182440 · Cited by 1,363 · see citing works
Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA)
Dul, J. (2015) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428115584005 · Cited by 1,402 · see citing works
Embracing Causal Complexity: The Emergence of a Neo-Configurational Perspective
Misangyi, V. F., Greckhamer, T., Furnari, S., Fiss, P. C., Crilly, D., & Aguilera, R. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316679252 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Bujold, M., & Wassef, M. (2017) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0454-2 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Identifying single necessary conditions with NCA and fsQCA
Dul, J. (2015) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.134 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Analyzing Relationships of Necessity Not Just in Kind But Also in Degree
Vis, B., & Dul, J. (2016) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115626179 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Hanckel, B., Petticrew, M., Thomas, J., & Green, J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10926-2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Baumgärtner, M. (2014) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-014-0026-7 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Hug, S. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps061 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Fuzzy Sets on Shaky Ground: Parameter Sensitivity and Confirmation Bias in fsQCA
Krogslund, C., Choi, D. D., & Poertner, M. (2015) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpu016 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
A Unifying Framework for Causal Analysis in Set-Theoretic Multimethod Research
Rohlfing, I., & Schneider, C. Q. (2018) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124115626170 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Frantzen, K. K., & Fetters, M. D. (2016) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0261-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Illustrating the Power of fsQCA in Explaining Paradoxical Consumer Environmental Orientations
Schmitt, A. K., Grawe, A., & Woodside, A. G. (2017) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20991 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Managing the consumer-based brand equity process: A cross-cultural perspective
Chatzipanagiotou, K., Christodoulides, G., & Veloutsou, C. (2019) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.10.005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Moving beyond input legitimacy: When do democratic innovations affect policy making?
Pogrebinschi, T., & Ryan, M. E. (2017) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12219 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gerrits, L., & Pagliarin, S. (2021) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2020.1799636 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Navigating the Complexities of Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Thiem, A. (2014) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x14550863 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Enhancing Sensitivity Diagnostics for Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A Combinatorial Approach
Thiem, A., Spöhel, R., & Duşa, A. (2015) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpv028 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Decoding digital transformational outsourcing: The role of service providers’ capabilities
Mazumder, S., & Garg, S. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102295 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Dul, J. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2588480 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Leppänen, P. T., McKenny, A. F., & Short, J. C. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-838720190000011010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Scaling mechanisms of energy communities: A comparison of 28 initiatives
Petrovics, D., Huitema, D., Giezen, M., & Vis, B. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102780 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Li, Z., Zhao, Y., Duan, T., & Dai, J. (2023) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103303 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kunz, N. C., Fischer, M., Ingold, K. M., & Hering, J. G. (2015) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01827 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Moschouli, E., Soecipto, R. M., & Vanelslander, T. (2019) · Research in Transportation Economics · doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2019.02.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Buche, J., & Siewert, M. Β. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2015-0602 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Factors affecting the cost performance of transport infrastructure projects
Moschouli, E., Soecipto, R. M., Vanelslander, T., & Verhoest, K. (2018) · European journal of transport and infrastructure research · doi:10.18757/ejtir.2018.18.4.3264 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Configuring the governance and management of strategic networks for higher performance
Wegner, D., Dias, M. F. P., Azevedo, A. C., & Marconatto, D. A. B. (2022) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-07-2021-0336 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
From offshore-provider to brand creator: fsQCA of footwear industry
Meneses, R., Brito, P. Q., & Gomes, P. C. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.168 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Wagemann, C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01968-6_17 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Are business associations involved in regional politics? Evidence from Spain and the United Kingdom
Medina, I. (2014) · European Urban and Regional Studies · doi:10.1177/0969776413513603 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Case-orientedness of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): Glass half-empty or half-full?
Rihoux, B., & Lobe, B. (2015) · Digital Access to Libraries · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.1919.1529 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKopplin, C. S. (2023) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v27i0.4043 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Configuration analysis of asymmetric trust between infrastructure PPP project participants
Li, H., Dai, B., Cao, Y., Su, L., & Li, F. (2024) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-07-2023-1261 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Palestinian Conflict and the Further IT Use From the Greek and Turkish Hotels
Uzunogullari, S., Karadimitriou, C., & Παππάς, Ν. (2024) · Strategic Change · doi:10.1002/jsc.2631 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Set-Analytic Approaches, Especially Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)Preprint
Schneider, C. Q., Vis, B., & Koivu, K. L. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3333474 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Huang, Z., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2024.2420618 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Castañeda, K., Sánchez, O., Peña, C. A., Herrera, R. F., & Mejía, G. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15094614 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hernández, B. A. V. (2023) · Estudios Políticos · doi:10.22201/fcpys.24484903e.2023.58.84841 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tourism metamorphosis: Reshaping destination attractiveness in a post-pandemic world
Ibáñez, M. J., Oliva, R. D. P., & Diaz-Avendaño, J. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i7.4806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF STATE OWNERSHIP IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF EMERGING MULTINATIONALS
Arreola, M. F. (2014) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Designing Impact: How Democratic Innovations May (or Not) Achieve Effectiveness?Preprint
Pogrebinschi, T., & Ryan, M. E. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Working Draft - Please ask for permission before you cite
Pogrebinschi, T., & Ryan, M. E. (2014)
Luz, A. R. S., Daniel, V. M., Wegner, D., Dias, M. F. P., & Abrantes, B. F. (2025) · Cureus Journal of Business and Economics. · doi:10.7759/s44404-025-03001-1
- Authors
- Rihoux, B., & Marx, A.
- Affiliations
- UCLouvain (BE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Venue
- Political Research Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-02-12
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 167-235
- ISSN
- 1065-9129 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-274X
- OpenAlex
- W2737577877
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 54.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Research Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Science Research and Education
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- qualitative comparative analysis, configurational analysis, welfare state typology, robustness testing, research quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review