Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 325

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities

James, Keturah, Jordan, Ayana·2018·Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
DOI 10.1177/1073110518782949
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

While much of the social and political attention surrounding the nationwide opioid epidemic has focused on the dramatic increase in overdose deaths among white, middle-class, suburban and rural users, the impact of the epidemic in Black communities has largely been unrecognized. Though rates of opioid use at the national scale are higher for whites than they are for Blacks, rates of increase in opioid deaths have been rising more steeply among Blacks (43%) than whites (22%) over the last five years. Moreover, the rate of opioid overdose deaths among Blacks already exceeds that of whites in several states. The lack of discussion of Black overdose deaths in the national opioid discourse further marginalizes Black people, and is highly consistent with a history of framing the addictions of people of color as deserving of criminal punishment, rather than worthy of medical treatment. This article argues that, because racial inequalities are embedded in American popular and political cultures as well as in medicine, the federal and state governments should develop more culturally targeted programs to benefit Black communities in the opioid crisis. Such programs include the use of faith-based organizations to deliver substance use prevention and treatment services, the inclusion of racial impact assessments in the implementation of drug policy proposals, and the formal consideration of Black people's interaction with the criminal justice system in designing treatment options.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1073110518782949

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 40 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

  1. London, 2011, “Racial Impact Statements: A Proactive Approach to Addressing Racial Disparities in Prison Populations,”, Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice, 29, 211
  2. Nakdai, 2001, “Are New York’s Rockefeller Drug Laws Killing the Messenger for the Sake of the Message,”, Hofstra Law Review, 30, 557
  3. Maggio, 2006, “New York’s Rockefeller Drug Laws, Then and Now,”, NYSBA Journal, 78, 30
  4. 10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273 · doi:10.1176/ps.62.11.pss6211_1273 · Paper page
  5. Oliphant, Prescription Drug Abuse Increasingly Seen as a Major U.S. Public Health Problem
  6. 138. The Center for Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "A Practical Toolkit for Faith and Community Leaders in the Face of the Opioid Epidemic," available at <http://www.ahecwest.org/uploads/files/Toolkit%20for%20community%20leaders.pdf> (last visited May 9, 2017). See also W. Bielefeld and W.S. Cleveland, "Defining Faith-Based Organizations and Understanding them Through Research," Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42, no. 3 (2013): 442-467 · doi:10.1177/0899764013484090
  7. 10.7591/9781501733819 · doi:10.7591/9781501733819
  8. Lipari, 2013, “Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Need for and Receipt of Substance Use Treatment among Blacks,”, The CBHSQ Report
  9. Underwood, 1982, Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism in the United States, 139
  10. Lopez, When a Drug Epidemic’s Victims are White, 10.2307/jj.26193120.16 · doi:10.2307/jj.26193120.16
  11. 10.1093/jurban/79.3.434 · DOI
  12. Tsimbinos, 1999, “Is It Time to Change the Rockefeller Drug Laws?”, St. John’s Journal of Legal Comment, 13, 613
  13. 10.1016/0029-554X(81)90985-X · doi:10.1016/0029-554x(81)90985-x
  14. 90. Cohen, A. , “How White Users Made Heroin a Public-Health Problem,” The Atlantic, Aug. 12, 2015, available at <https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/08/crack-heroin-and-race/401015/> (last visited May 9, 2018). See also M. Alexander, Keynote speech at 2017 International Drug Policy Reform Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, Oct. 11, 2017, available at <http://www.theroot.com/michelle-alexander-delivers-fiery-keynote-at-dpa-s-2017-1819453125?utm_source=theroot_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow> (last visited May 9, 2018).
  15. 98. Shaw, M. , “Photos Reveal Media’s Softer Tone on Opioid Crisis,” Columbia Journalism Review, Jul. 26, 2017, available at <https://www.cjr.org/criticism/opioid-crisis-photos.php> (last visited May 9, 2018).
  16. 109. Pew Research Center, America’s New Drug Policy Landscape, April 2014, available at <http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/04-02-14%20Drug%20Policy%20Release.pdf> (last visited May 9, 2018).
  17. 2017, “Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States, 1999–2015,”, NCHS DATA BRIEF
  18. Burston, 1995, “Drug Use and African Americans: Myth Versus Reality,”, Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 40, 19

Cited by

See all 325

Metadata

Authors
James, K., & Jordan, A.
Venue
Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2018
Volume
46
Issue
2
Pages
404-421
ISSN
  • 1073-1105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1748-720X
DOI
10.1177/1073110518782949
OpenAlex
W2883535607
Cited by
325
References
40
FWCI
25.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1073110518782949
The paper
James, K., & Jordan, A. (2018). The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782949

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.