Impact of Accountable Care Organizations on Utilization, Care, and Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Kaufman, Brystana G.; Spivack, B. Steven; Stearns, Sally C.; Song, Paula H.; O’Brien, Emily C.

doi:10.1177/1077558717745916

Cited by 174Healthcare Policy and ManagementPrimary Care and Health OutcomesPatient Satisfaction in Healthcare

Impact of Accountable Care Organizations on Utilization, Care, and Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Kaufman, Brystana G., Spivack, B. Steven, Stearns, Sally C., Song, Paula H., O’Brien, Emily C.·2019·Medical Care Research and Review

DOI 10.1177/1077558717745916

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Abstract

Since 2010, more than 900 accountable care organizations (ACOs) have formed payment contracts with public and private insurers in the United States; however, there has not been a systematic evaluation of the evidence studying impacts of ACOs on care and outcomes across payer types. This review evaluates the quality of evidence regarding the association of public and private ACOs with health service use, processes, and outcomes of care. The 42 articles identified studied ACO contracts with Medicare ( N = 24 articles), Medicaid ( N = 5), commercial ( N = 11), and all payers ( N = 2). The most consistent associations between ACO implementation and outcomes across payer types were reduced inpatient use, reduced emergency department visits, and improved measures of preventive care and chronic disease management. The seven studies evaluating patient experience or clinical outcomes of care showed no evidence that ACOs worsen outcomes of care; however, the impact on patient care and outcomes should continue to be monitored.

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Duplication and costs may be reduced when relevant information such as a recent CT scan result is made available to care managers and clinicians.
“In addition, duplication (and costs) may be reduced when relevant information, such as the results of a recent CT scan, is made available to care managers and clinicians [57].”
From Evolution of clinical Health Information Exchanges to population health resources: a case study of the Indiana network for patient care (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

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“Similar to ACOs, P4P programs have been associated with small positive effects on the process measures targeted; however, neither model has demonstrated consistent effects on health outcomes (Flodgren et al., 2011; Gilmore et al., 2007; Lin, Yin, Huang, & Du, 2016; Mendelson et al., 2017; Rosenthal & Frank, 2006; Rose…”
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The Future of Public Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities
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Integrated health and care systems in England: can they help prevent disease?Integrated health and care systems in England: can they help prevent disease?
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Effectiveness of a care transitions intervention for older adults discharged home from the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial
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Value-Based Payment Models In The Commercial Insurance Sector: A Systematic Review
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A Decade of ACOs in Medicare: Have They Delivered on Their Promise?
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Engaging Primary Care Providers to Reduce Unwanted Clinical Variation and Support ACO Cost and Quality Goals: A Unique Provider-Payer Collaboration
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Prediction of Chronic Disease-Related Inpatient Prolonged Length of Stay Using Machine Learning Algorithms
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A 25-Year Retrospective of Health IT Infrastructure Building: The Example of the Catalonia Region
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Five-year Impact of a Commercial Accountable Care Organization on Health Care Spending, Utilization, and Quality of Care
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Financial incentives for integrated care: A scoping review and lessons for evidence-based design
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New Horizons—Addressing Healthcare Disparities in Endocrine Disease: Bias, Science, and Patient Care
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Can accountable care organisations really improve the English NHS? Lessons from the United States
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Ten-Year Evaluation of the Population-Based Integrated Health Care System “Gesundes Kinzigtal”
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Patient-Centered Integrated Model of Home Health Care Services in South Korea (PICS-K)
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Rural and urban disparities in quality of home health care: A longitudinal cohort study (2014‐2018)
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Association of Hospital Interoperable Data Sharing With Alternative Payment Model Participation
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Addressing Social Needs in Clinical Settings: Implementation and Impact on Health Care Utilization, Costs, and Integration of Care
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Diabetes And The Fragmented State Of US Health Care And Policy
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Physician practices in Accountable Care Organizations are more likely to collect and use physician performance information, yet base only a small proportion of compensation on performance data
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Are health systems redesigning how health care is delivered?
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How Do Accountable Care Organizations Deliver Preventive Care Services? A Mixed-Methods Study
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Performance-based pharmacy payment models: the case for change
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Economic Aspects of Delivering Primary Care Services: An Evidence Synthesis to Inform Policy and Research Priorities
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Does vertical integration of health and social care organizations work? Evidence from Scotland
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Improving the evaluation of an integrated healthcare system using entropy balancing: Population health improvements in Gesundes Kinzigtal
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The Medicare Shared Savings Program and Outcomes for Ischemic Stroke Patients: a Retrospective Cohort Study
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Value-Based Payment in Medicare: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
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The Effect of Network-Level Payment Models on Care Network Performance: A Scoping Review of the Empirical Literature
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The Impact of Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations on Health Care Utilization, Quality Measures, Health Outcomes and Costs from 2012 to 2023: A Scoping Review
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Out-Of-Network Primary Care Is Associated With Higher Per Beneficiary Spending In Medicare ACOs
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Changes in skilled nursing and home health admissions associated with Medicare payment reforms and the COVID ‐19 pandemic
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Network-Based Delivery and Sustainment of Evidence-Based Prevention in Community-Clinical Partnerships Addressing Health Equity: A Qualitative Exploration
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Medicare Shared Savings ACOs and Hospice Care for Ischemic Stroke Patients
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Risk Selection and Care Fragmentation at Medicare Accountable Care Organizations for Patients With Dementia
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Contract Management and Procurement Performance of State Corporation in Kenya
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How does being part of a pediatric accountable care organization impact health service use for children with disabilities?
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Evaluation of Practice Patterns Among Oncologists Participating in the Oncology Care Model
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Floundering or Flourishing? Early Insights from the Inception of Integrated Care Systems in England
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ICD-9 Tagging of Clinical Notes Using Topical Word Embedding
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Disentangling the impact of alternative payment models and associated service delivery models on quality of chronic care: A scoping review
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Framework for assessing pharmacy value
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Assessing the effect of a regional integrated care model over ten years using quality indicators based on claims data – the basic statistical methodology of the INTEGRAL project
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Characteristics of Markets and Patients Served by ESRD Seamless Care Organizations
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Accountable Care Organizations and Preventable Hospitalizations Among Patients With Depression
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Building alternative payment models in health care
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Orchestration versus bookkeeping: How stakeholder pressures drive a healthcare purchaser’s institutional logics
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Changes in Health Care Utilization During the First 2 Years of Massachusetts Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations
Sabatino, M. J., Mick, E. O., Ash, A. S., Himmelstein, J., & Alcusky, M. J. (2023) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2023.0151 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Challenges in measuring integrated care models: International knowledge and the case of Québec
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Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation of Value-Based Care Models in New Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations in Massachusetts: A Study Protocol
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Evolution of clinical Health Information Exchanges to population health resources: a case study of the Indiana network for patient care
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Practice patterns among oncologists participating in the oncology care model after three years
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Defining Pooled’ Place-Based’ Budgets for Health and Social Care: A Scoping Review
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Measuring value in health care: lessons from accountable care organizations
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Post-Acute Care Admissions Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Disabilities During Payment Reform and the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Accountable care organizations and physician antibiotic prescribing behavior
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A flexible approach to measure care coordination based on patient-sharing networks
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The Impact of Structural Racism on Continuity of Care at Pediatric Academic Primary Care Clinics
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Medicare Payments and ACOs for Dementia Patients Across Race and Social Vulnerability
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Skilled Nursing and Home Health Policy: A Primer for the Hospital Clinician
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Patient-Centered Care Systems
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To What Extent Are ACO and PCMH Models Advancing the Triple Aim Objective? Implications and Considerations for Primary Care Medical Practices
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Multicomponent, high-intensity, and patient-centered care intervention for complex patients in transitional care: SPICA program
Hernández, M. G., de León, B. G., Barreto-Cruz, S., & Díaz, J. R. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1033689 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Are alternative payment models the answer to the failures of pay-for-performance?
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The one‐year impact of accountable care networks among Washington State employees
Coe, N. B., Ingraham, B. C., Albertson, E. M., Zhou, L., Wood, S., Grembowski, D. E., & Conrad, D. A. (2021) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13656 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How Primary Healthcare Sector is Organized at the Territorial Level in France? A Typology of Territorial Structuring
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The First Decade of ACO Model Evaluations in the Medicare Program: A Systematic Review
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Does integrated care mean fewer hospitalizations? An evaluation of a French field experiment
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Defining a risk-adjustment formula for the introduction of population-based payments for primary care in France
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Maternity care clinician inclusion in Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations
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Accountable Care Organizations, Child Opportunity Index, and Complicated Appendicitis in Children
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Artificial intelligence–enhanced pain management: the NXTSTIM EcoAI platform
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Financing of and Reimbursement for Integrated Care
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Pay-for-Performance in the Massachusetts Medicaid Delivery System Transformation Initiative
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Exploring a Systems-Based Model of Care for Effective Healthcare Transformation: A Narrative Review in Implementation Science of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 Experience
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Effect of a Medicaid Accountable Care Collaborative on 30-Day Hospital Readmission Rates
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Comparative Effectiveness of a Complex Care Program for High-Cost/High-Need Patients: a Retrospective Cohort Study
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Integration on the Frontlines of Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations and Associations With Perceived Care Quality, Health Equity, and Satisfaction
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Health Care innovation and children in poverty: lived experiences of caregivers of children with disabilities in a medicaid-serving ACO
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Accountable Care Program Implementation and Effects on Participating Health Care Systems in Washington State
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Findings From a Commercial ACO Patient Experience Survey
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Association of ACO Shared Savings Success and Serious Illness Spending
Kaufman, B. G., Anderson, D. M., Bleser, W. K., Muhlestein, D. B., Smith, N. J., Clough, J. D., McClellan, M., & Saunders, R. S. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1097/jhm-d-20-00155 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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A new kind of gatekeeper: The increasing prevalence of Advanced Practice Nurses as case managers in US hospitals
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An inventory of policy levers to reduce low value care: Results of a rapid scoping review
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Associations Between ACO Enrollment Status and Drug and Nondrug Costs Among Older Adults Newly Diagnosed With ADRD
Jang, S., Qin, X., Wang, M. Q., & Chen, J. (2026) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2026.01.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
What Explains Changes in Availability of Specialty Mental Health Services in Organized Settings?
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Current Evidence on the Impact of Medicare Payment Policy on Stroke Rehabilitation in Skilled Nursing Facilities
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Outsourcing the Management of Reusable Medical Devices in a Chain-Wide Care Setting: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
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Practice Site Heterogeneity within and between Medicaid Accountable Care Organizations
Dyer, Z., Alcusky, M. J., Himmelstein, J., Ash, A. S., & Kerrissey, M. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12020266 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

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Authors: Kaufman, B. G., Spivack, B. S., Stearns, S. C., Song, P. H., & O’Brien, E. C.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
Corresponding author: Kaufman, Brystana G.
ORCID: Kaufman, Brystana G.
Stearns, Sally C.
Song, Paula H.
Venue: Medical Care Research and Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2017-12-12
Volume: 76
Issue: 3
Pages: 255-290
ISSN: 1077-5587 (ISSN-L)
1552-6801
DOI: 10.1177/1077558717745916
OpenAlex: W2774554851
Cited by: 174
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 5
FWCI: 4.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Medical Care Research and Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (TL1TR001110)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare
Keywords: accountable care organizations, health care payment reform, Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, health care utilization, emergency department visits, preventive medicine, chronic disease management, patient experience, clinical outcomes, quality of care
MeSH terms: Emergency Service, Hospital, Medicare, Hospitalization, Humans, Medicaid, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Preventive Medicine, Quality of Health Care, United States, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Disease Management, Accountable Care Organizations

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Impact of Accountable Care Organizations on Utilization, Care, and Outcomes: A Systematic Review

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