Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems
Abstract
Although the term attachment disorder is ambiguous, attachment therapies are increasingly used with children who are maltreated, particularly those in foster care or adoptive homes. Some children described as having attachment disorders show extreme disturbances. The needs of these children and their caretakers are real. How to meet their needs is less clear. A number of attachment-based treatment and parenting approaches purport to help children described as attachment disordered. Attachment therapy is a young and diverse field, and the benefits and risks of many treatments remain scientifically undetermined. Controversies have arisen about potentially harmful attachment therapy techniques used by a subset of attachment therapists. In this report, the Task Force reviews the controversy and makes recommendations for assessment, treatment, and practices. The report reflects American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children's (APSAC) position and also was endorsed by the American Psychological Association's Division 37 and the Division 37 Section on Child Maltreatment.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The prevalence of mental disorders was higher for youths placed in congregate care.
“Consistent with other studies, [12,15,16] the prevalence was higher for youths placed in congregate care [14].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
One early study reported a point-prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders of 57.0% in foster youth.
“One early study reported a point-prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders of 57.0% in foster youth [12].”
From Mental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
&NA; (1988) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-198802020-00022 · Cited by 12,603 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,417 · see citing works
Bonanno, G. A. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20 · Cited by 6,851 · see citing works
“Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct”
Ford, G. G. (2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781482274400-4 · Cited by 4,257 · see citing works
Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164 · Cited by 2,537 · see citing works
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.
(2002) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.12.1060 · Cited by 1,911 · see citing works
Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195 · Cited by 1,883 · see citing works
Handbook of infant mental health
Zeanah, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works
Self-citationA Guide to Treatments that Work
Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780195304145.001.0001 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Handbook of infant mental health
Osofsky (2000) · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Han, S. S., Granger, D. A., & Morton, T. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.450 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202289002 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
(2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10468-000 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Handbook of Infant Mental Health
Sprunger, L. W. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199504000-00020 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
A guide to treatments that work
(2015) · Oxford Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195304145.001.0001 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
A Guide to Treatments That Work
Treasure, J. L. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00040-1 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
The Effects of Global Severe Privation on Cognitive Competence: Extension and Longitudinal Follow-up
O’Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Keaveney, L., Kreppner, J. M., & the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00151 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Handbook of infant mental health, 3rd ed.
Zeanah, & Bombardier, C. H. (2009) · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Treating Sexually Abused Children And Their Nonoffending Parents: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach
Deblinger, E., & Heflin, A. H. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Child Physical and Sexual Abuse: Guidelines for Treatment
Berliner, L., Hanson, R. F., & Saunders, B. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e319002004-001 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationBarth, R. P., Crea, T. M., John, K., Thoburn, J., & Quinton, D. (2005) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00380.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Brislin, R. W., & Hamnett, M. P. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Reactive Attachment Disorder: What We Know about the Disorder and Implications for Treatment
Hanson, R. F., & Spratt, E. G. (2000) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559500005002005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical applications of attachment theory
Lieberman, A. M. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chaffin, M. J., Wherry, J. N., & Dykman, R. A. (1997) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(96)00148-2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationZeanah, C. H., Mammen, O. K., & Lieberman, A. F. (1993) · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBoris, N. W., Zeanah, C. H., Larrieu, J. A., Scheeringa, M. S., & Heller, S. S. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.295 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationThree, Z. T. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Disturbances and disorders of attachment in early childhood
Zeanah, C. H. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationA brief history of the Oregon model.
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Eddy, J. M. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10468-001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Levy, T. M., & Orlans, M. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Taking Stock of Risk Factors for Child/Youth Externalizing Behavior Problems.
Hann, D. M. (2001) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Attachment Disorders: Review and Current Status
Wilson, S. L. (2001) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980109603678 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Comparative Effectiveness of Holding Therapy with Aggressive Children
Myeroff, R., Mertlich, G., & Gross, J. (1999) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1021349116429 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Attachment therapy on trial: the torture and death of Candace Newmaker
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2488 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mercer, J., Sarner, L., & Rosa, L. (2003) · Praeger eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798400615696 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Haugaard, J. J., & Hazan, C. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504264316 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Haugaard, J. J. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504264304 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Children and the Law: The Essential Readings
Duckett, B. (2002) · Reference Reviews · doi:10.1108/rr.2002.16.1.9.5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Children and the law : the essential readings
Bull, R. H. C. (2001) · Blackwell eBooks · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Durrant, F. (2018) · doi:10.29085/9781856049818.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990289 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01675.x · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M.-E., Avalosse, H., & Roskam, I. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0892-4 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Zeanah, C. H., Berlin, L. J., & Boris, N. W. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02399.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationMental disorders in foster children: a study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors
Lehmann, S., Havik, O. E., Havik, T., & Heiervang, E. R. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-39 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Institutional Care for Young Children: Review of Literature and Policy Implications
Dozier, M., Zeanah, C. H., Wallin, A. R., & Shauffer, C. B. (2012) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01033.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders among adolescents living in residential youth care
Jozefiak, T., Kayed, N. S., Rimehaug, T., Wormdal, A. K., Brubakk, A., & Wichstrøm, L. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0700-x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Understanding the Behavioral and Emotional Consequences of Child Abuse
Stirling, J., Amaya-Jackson, L. M., & Amaya-Jackson, L. M. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1885 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Attachment goes to court: child protection and custody issues
Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Steele, H., et al. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1840762 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationZeanah, C. H., Chesher, T. L., Boris, N. W., Walter, H. J., Bukstein, O. G., Bellonci, C., Benson, R. S., Bussing, R., Chrisman, A. K., Hamilton, J. D., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.08.004 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationNaughton, A., Maguire, S., Mann, M. K., Lumb, R. C., Tempest, V., Gracias, S., & Kemp, A. (2013) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.192 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Spieker, S. J., Oxford, M. L., Kelly, J. F., Nelson, E. M., & Fleming, C. B. (2012) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559512458176 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Patihis, L., & Pendergrast, M. H. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618773315 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Becker‐Weidman, A., & Hughes, D. (2008) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00557.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Assche, L. V., Luyten, P., Bruffaerts, R., Persoons, P., de Ven, L. V., & Vandenbulcke, M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Woolgar, M., & Baldock, E. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12052 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Clinical Considerations Related to the Behavioral Manifestations of Child Maltreatment
Violence (2017) · Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines & Policies · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0100 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Woolgar, M., & Scott, S. (2013) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104513478545 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Attachment and Trauma in Early Childhood: A Review
Breidenstine, A. S., Bailey, L. O., Zeanah, C. H., & Larrieu, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361521.2011.609155 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationStavropoulos, K. K. M., Bolourian, Y., & Blacher, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7040071 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hornor, G. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.07.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP): the development of the theory, practice and research base
Hughes, D., Golding, K. S., & Hudson, J. (2015) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575915610943 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
John Bowlby and ethology: An annotated interview with Robert Hinde
van der Horst, F. C. P., van der Veer, R., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730601149809 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Behavior Management Training for the Treatment of Reactive Attachment Disorder
Buckner, J. D., López, C. M., Dunkel, S. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2008) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559508318396 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Prospecting the attachment research field: a move to the level of engagement
Schuengel, C., Verhage, M. L., & Duschinsky, R. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1918449 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Scott, S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118381953.ch21 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vervoort, E., de Schipper, J. C., Bosmans, G., & Verschueren, K. (2013) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1395 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Reactive Attachment Disorder in maltreated young children in foster care
Bruce, M., Young, D., Turnbull, S. D., Rooksby, M., Chadwick, G., Oates, C., Nelson, R., Young‐Southward, G., Haig, C. E., & Minnis, H. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1499211 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The use and limitations of attachment theory in child psychotherapy.
Zilberstein, K. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0030930 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2018) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1499208 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAttachment and Developmental Psychopathology
Fearon, P. R. M., Groh, A. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Roisman, G. I. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy108 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Schuengel, C., Oosterman, M., & Sterkenburg, P. S. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-26 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Vostanis, P. (2010) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104510377715 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cassibba, R., Castoro, G., Costantino, E., Sette, G., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21486 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reactive attachment disorder as an evolutionary adaptation
Balbernie, R. (2010) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2010.482223 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dalgaard, N. T., Filges, T., Viinholt, B. C. A., & Pontoppidan, M. (2022) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1209 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Early pathogenic care and the development of ADHD-like symptoms
Dahmen, B., Puetz, V. B., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-012-0809-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Allen, B. (2016) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2016.1172945 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bidirectional effects of parenting and child behavior in internationally adopting families.
Lawler, J. M., Koss, K. J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000309 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Child maltreatment: the central roles of parenting capacities and attachment
Cyr, C. P., & Alink, L. R. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Measuring Trauma: Considerations for Assessing Complex and Non-PTSD Criterion A Childhood Trauma
McDonald, M. K., Borntrager, C. F., & Rostad, W. L. (2014) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.867577 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Recent advances in the theories of and interventions with attachment disorders
Newman, L. K., & Mares, S. P. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3281bc0d08 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wright, A., Gray, P., Selkirk, B., Hunt, C. J., & WRIGHT, R. A. (2024) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2023.2280537 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A qualitative investigation of policy for youth with problematic sexual behavior
Kelley, A., Shawler, P. M., Shields, J. D., & Silovsky, J. F. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22187 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Akin, B. A., Bryson, S. A., McDonald, T., & Walker, S. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Seim, A. R., Jozefiak, T., Wichstrøm, L., Lydersen, S., & Kayed, N. S. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01673-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Allen, B. (2011) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838010386974 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Woolgar, M. (2013) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575913500021 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
John, S. G., Brandt, T. W., Secrist, M. E., Mesman, G. R., Sigel, B. A., & Kramer, T. L. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000263 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The War At Home: Affective Economics and Transnationally Adoptive Families in the United States
Stryker, R. (2011) · International Migration · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00607.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evidence of Potentially Harmful Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents
Mercer, J. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0480-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wimmer, J. S., Vonk, M. E., & Reeves, P. M. (2009) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-009-0245-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Happiness and virtue ethics in business: the ultimate value proposition
(2015) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.190444 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Adopted Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Qualitative Study on Family Processes
Vasquez, M. L., & Stensland, M. L. (2015) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-015-0560-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Challenging behaviour in out‐of‐home care: use of attachment ideas in practice
McLean, S., Riggs, D. W., Kettler, L. J., & Delfabbro, P. (2012) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00825.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pignotti, M. G., & Mercer, J. (2007) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731506297046 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Giltaij, H. P., Sterkenburg, P. S., & Schuengel, C. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104517709049 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adverse caregiving in early life: The trauma and deprivation distinction in young children
Guyon‐Harris, K. L., Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21892 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationReactive Attachment Disorder: Recognition, Action, and Considerations for School Social Workers
Shaw, S. R., & Páez, D. D. (2007) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/29.2.69 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Controversial Therapies for Children
Koocher, G. P., McMann, M. R., & Stout, A. O. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781394259359.ch3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tarren‐Sweeney, M. (2021) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12341 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wilmshurst, L. A. (2012) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hodges, J. (2005) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1383/psyt.2005.4.7.49 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Assessments of Student–Teacher Relationships in Residential Treatment Center Schools
Rudasill, K. M., Gonshak, A. B., Pössel, P., Nichols, A., & Stipanovic, N. (2013) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2013.817932 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
When are attachment difficulties an indication for specialist mental health input?
Ratnayake, A., Bowlay-Williams, J., & Vostanis, P. (2014) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575914532405 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Misperceptions of reactive attachment disorder persist: Poor methods and unsupported conclusions
Allen, B. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Holding therapy: a harmful mental health intervention
Mercer, J. (2013) · Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies · doi:10.1111/fct.12024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Attachment Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment Considerations
Steele, H., & Steele, M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_18 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Vacaru, S. V., Sterkenburg, P. S., & Schuengel, C. (2017) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12521 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The phased model of adventure therapy: trauma-focussed, low arousal, & positive behavioural support
Trundle, G., & Hutchinson, R. (2020) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2020.1736109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Goldwyn, R., & Hugh‐Jones, S. (2011) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2011.554006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Examining Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy as a Treatment for Adopted and Foster Children
Mercer, J. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513516514 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Strengthening the scientific foundations of professional psychology: Time for the next steps.
Melchert, T. P. (2007) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.1.34 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhukova, M., Talantseva, O. I., Logvinenko, T. I., Titova, O. S., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2020) · Clinical Psychology and Special Education · doi:10.17759/cpse.2020090310 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stryker, R. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.04.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
International Concerns About Holding Therapy
Mercer, J. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513497518 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Raz, M. (2013) · History of the Human Sciences · doi:10.1177/0952695113512491 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The diverse neurobiological processes and legacies of early adversity: implications for practice
Woolgar, M., & Simmonds, J. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919877012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Brown, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2012.00606.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Psychology graduate school training on interventions for child maltreatment.
Sigel, B. A., & Silovsky, J. F. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0024467 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Woolgar, M., Pinto, C., & González, R. A. (2023) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/25161032231221727 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Beyond Reactive Attachment Disorder
Boris, N. W., & Renk, K. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2017.03.003 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How a Sample of Residential Childcare Staff Conceptualize and Use Attachment Theory in Practice
Morison, A., Taylor, E. P., & Gervais, M. (2019) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2019.1583100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mercer, J. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-017-0511-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lewis, M., Stirk, S., Collie, H., Ansbro, Y., Johnson, R., Karyofylli, A., Woolley, J., & Erin, L. (2022) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211061807 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beckwith, H., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Freeston, M. H., Woolgar, M., Stenner, P. H. D., & Duschinsky, R. (2022) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2022.2144393 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pinto, C. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919856173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mercer, J., Pennington, R. S., Pignotti, M. G., & Rosa, L. (2009) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00609.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vasquez, M. L., & Miller, N. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1322655 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Damashek, A., & Chaffin, M. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118156391.ebcp001028 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFrameworks for understanding challenging behaviour in out‐of‐home care
McLean, S., Kettler, L. J., Delfabbro, P., & Riggs, D. W. (2011) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00037.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pylypa, J. (2016) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12159 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Obscure Dichotomy of Early Childhood Trauma in PTSD Versus Attachment Disorders
Owen, C. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017742386 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dalgaard, N. T., Pontoppidan, M., Thomsen, M. K., Viinholt, B. C. A., & Filges, T. (2020) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1072 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hodges, J. (2008) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2008.05.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding and Promoting Attachment
Wilson, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20090706-04 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Therapy for child psychological maltreatment
Leeson, F., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2010) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2010.500311 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Attachment Security and Disorganization in Maltreating Families and Orphanages
van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2015) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schröder, M., Fux, E., Lüdtke, J., İzat, Y., Bolten, M. I., & Schmid, M. (2019) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000504675 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
El apego: Más allá de un concepto inspirador
Rodríguez, A. G. (2010) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría · doi:10.4321/s0211-57352010000400003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chaffin, M., Hanson, R., Saunders, B. E., Nichols, T., Barnett, D., Zeanah, C., Berliner, L., Egeland, B., Newman, E., Lyon, T., Letourneau, E., & Miller-Perrin, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Family Attachment Counseling Center
- Wayne State University (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Harborview Medical Center (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Tulsa (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Pepperdine University
- ORCID
- Venue
- Child Maltreatment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-89
- ISSN
- 1077-5595 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6119
- OpenAlex
- W2169999660
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 20.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Maltreatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, attachment problems, foster care, adoptive families, parenting methods, treatment risks and benefits, child abuse
- MeSH terms
- Child, Humans, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Psychological Theory, Reactive Attachment Disorder
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
