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Motives and Perceived Consequences of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students: Are Students Treating Themselves for Attention Problems?
Abstract
Objective: This study examines why college students without a prescription take ADHD medication, what they perceive the consequences of this to be, and whether attention problems are associated with this behavior. Method: More than 3,400 undergraduates attending one public and one private university in the southeastern United States completed a Web-based survey. Results: Nonmedical ADHD medication use in the prior 6 months was reported by 5.4% of respondents and was positively associated with self-reported attention difficulties. Enhancing the ability to study was the most frequent motive reported; nonacademic motives were less common. Students perceived nonmedical use to be beneficial despite frequent reports of adverse reactions. Conclusion: Students without prescriptions use ADHD medication primarily to enhance academic performance and may do so to ameliorate attention problems that they experience as undermining their academic success. The academic, social, and biomedical consequences of illicit ADHD medication use among college students should be researched further. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 259-270)
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“Recent research supports that most non-prescription use of psychostimulants among college and university students is to aid in concentration, and often where students report attentional difficulties that are hindering academic success [144,148].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [148]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., McCabe, S. E., & Swartzwelder, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rabiner, David L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-07-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-270
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2118016764
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA018754)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- university students, stimulant abuse, attention deficits, academic performance, perceived consequences, adverse drug reactions, self-medication
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Self Medication, Sex Factors, Students, Universities, Chi-Square Distribution, Prescription Drugs
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