Cited by 238Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical InnovationsAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Motives and Perceived Consequences of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students: Are Students Treating Themselves for Attention Problems?

Rabiner, David L., Anastopoulos, Arthur D., Costello, E. Jane, Hoyle, Rick H., McCabe, Sean Esteban, Swartzwelder, H. Scott·2009·Journal of Attention Disorders

DOI 10.1177/1087054708320399

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: This study examines why college students without a prescription take ADHD medication, what they perceive the consequences of this to be, and whether attention problems are associated with this behavior. Method: More than 3,400 undergraduates attending one public and one private university in the southeastern United States completed a Web-based survey. Results: Nonmedical ADHD medication use in the prior 6 months was reported by 5.4% of respondents and was positively associated with self-reported attention difficulties. Enhancing the ability to study was the most frequent motive reported; nonacademic motives were less common. Students perceived nonmedical use to be beneficial despite frequent reports of adverse reactions. Conclusion: Students without prescriptions use ADHD medication primarily to enhance academic performance and may do so to ameliorate attention problems that they experience as undermining their academic success. The academic, social, and biomedical consequences of illicit ADHD medication use among college students should be researched further. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 13(3) 259-270)

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1087054708320399

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder.
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199
Non‐medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: prevalence and correlates from a national survey
McCabe, S. E., Knight, J. R., Teter, C. J., & Wechsler, H. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x · Cited by 880
Self-citation
Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prevalence, Motives, and Routes of Administration
Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., LaGrange, K., Cranford, J. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2006) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501 · Cited by 540
Self-citation
Prevalence and Motives for Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., Boyd, C. J., & Guthrie, S. K. (2005) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.53.6.253-262 · Cited by 421
Self-citation
Stimulant Medication Use, Misuse, and Abuse in an Undergraduate and Graduate Student Sample
White, B. P., Becker‐Blease, K. A., & Grace-Bishop, K. (2006) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.3200/jach.54.5.261-268 · Cited by 333
Student Perceptions of Methylphenidate Abuse at a Public Liberal Arts College
Babcock, Q., & Byrne, T. (2000) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480009596296 · Cited by 318
Medical Use, Illicit Use and Diversion of Prescription Stimulant Medication
McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2006.10399827 · Cited by 305
Self-citation
Illicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study
Low, K. G., & Gendaszek, A. E. (2002) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548500220139386 · Cited by 264
Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States
Kroutil, L. A., Brunt, D. L. V., Herman-Stahl, M. A., Heller, D. C., Bray, R. M., & Penne, M. A. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.12.011 · Cited by 233

Show all 13 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Johnston, L.D., 2003, Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2002: Vol. 2. College students and adults ages 19-40 (NIH Publication 03-5376)
10.1592/phco.23.5.609.34187 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732
Are prescription stimulants “smart pills”? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals.
Smith, M. E., & Farah, M. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023825 · Cited by 456
Misuse of Stimulant Medication Among College Students: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-analysis
Benson, K., Flory, K., Humphreys, K. L., & Lee, S. S. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0177-z · Cited by 328
Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse
McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., & Teter, C. J. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007 · Cited by 271
Self-citation
Trends in medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of prescription medications among college students from 2003 to 2013: Connecting the dots
McCabe, S. E., West, B. T., Teter, C. J., & Boyd, C. J. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.008 · Cited by 268
Self-citation
Systematic review: nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies
Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Montano, C. B., Mason, O., Antshel, K. M., & Newcorn, J. H. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.012 · Cited by 225
What are the cognitive effects of stimulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Advokat, C. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.006 · Cited by 219
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants During College: Four-Year Trends in Exposure Opportunity, Use, Motives, and Sources
Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Arria, A. M. (2012) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.589876 · Cited by 218
The Potential for Misuse and Abuse of Medications in ADHD: A Review
Clemow, D. B., & Walker, D. J. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801 · Cited by 198
Tweaking and Tweeting: Exploring Twitter for Nonmedical Use of a Psychostimulant Drug (Adderall) Among College Students
Hanson, C. L., Burton, S. H., Giraud-Carrier, C. G., West, J. H., Barnes, M., & Hansen, B. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2503 · Cited by 197
Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Among College Students: Why We Need to Do Something and What We Need to Do
Arria, A. M., & DuPont, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2010.509273 · Cited by 190
What Do We Really Know about ADHD in College Students?
Green, A. L., & Rabiner, D. L. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0127-8 · Cited by 186
Self-citation
Self-Reported ADHD and Adjustment in College
Blase, S. L., Gilbert, A. N., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., Swartzwelder, H. S., & Rabiner, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709334446 · Cited by 170
Self-citation
Dispelling the myth of “smart drugs”: Cannabis and alcohol use problems predict nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for studying
Arria, A. M., Wilcox, H. C., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., & O’Grady, K. E. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.10.002 · Cited by 160
What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence
RAGAN, C. I., Bárd, I., & Singh, I. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.016 · Cited by 155
Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?
Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Rathkey, E. S., & McCallum, A. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000093 · Cited by 138
Pharmacological cognitive enhancement among non-ADHD individuals—A cross-sectional study in 15 countries
Maier, L. J., Ferris, J., & WINSTOCK, A. R. (2018) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.009 · Cited by 120
Illicit use of prescription stimulants in a college student sample: A theory-guided analysis
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., Ketcham, P. L., & Smit, E. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.024 · Cited by 99
An Examination of Prescription Stimulant Misuse and Psychological Variables Among Sorority and Fraternity College Populations
Dussault, C., & Weyandt, L. L. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711428740 · Cited by 96
Do college students improve their grades by using prescription stimulants nonmedically?
Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., Cimini, M. D., Geisner, I. M., Fossos‐Wong, N., Kilmer, J. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.016 · Cited by 94
Misuse of prescription stimulants among college students: A review of the literature and implications for morphological and cognitive effects on brain functioning.
Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Zavras, B. M., Turcotte, K., Munro, B. A., & Amoroso, A. J. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0034013 · Cited by 95
Functional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment
Kosheleff, A. R., Mason, O., Jain, R., Koch, J., & Rubin, J. S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158572 · Cited by 116
Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Results From a National Multicohort Study
McCabe, S. E., & West, B. T. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.005 · Cited by 92
Self-citation
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in College Students With ADHD
DuPaul, G. J., Weyandt, L. L., Rossi, J. S., Vilardo, B. A., O’Dell, S. M., Carson, K. M., Verdi, G., & Swentosky, A. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711427299 · Cited by 86
“Further research has raised concerns over the possibility that college students with ADHD may give or sell stimulants to their peers who are seeking to use these drugs for recreational purposes (Rabiner et al., 2009; Upadhyaya et al., 2005; Weyandt et al., 2009).”
Background
Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants
Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Guðmundsdóttir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Zavras, B. M., & Kuhar, B. G. (2014) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s47013 · Cited by 95
Sources of Prescription Medication Misuse Among Young Adults in the United States: The Role of Educational Status
McCabe, S. E., Teter, C. J., Boyd, C. J., Wilens, T. E., & Schepis, T. S. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.17m11958 · Cited by 79
Self-citation
Persistent Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Possible Association With ADHD Symptoms
Arria, A. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Wish, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710367621 · Cited by 78
Adolescents’ prescription stimulant use and adult functional outcomes: a national prospective study
McCabe, S. E., Veliz, P., Wilens, T. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.008 · Cited by 76
Self-citation
Cognitive Performance Enhancement: Misuse or Self-Treatment?
Peterkin, A. L., Crone, C. C., Sheridan, M. J., & Wise, T. N. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710365980 · Cited by 75
Perceived academic benefit is associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students
Arria, A. M., Geisner, I. M., Cimini, M. D., Kilmer, J. R., Caldeira, K. M., Barrall, A. L., Vincent, K. B., Fossos‐Wong, N., Yeh, J., Rhew, I. C., et al. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.013 · Cited by 75
Work-related stress and cognitive enhancement among university teachers
Wiegel, C., Sattler, S., Göritz, A., & Diewald, M. (2016) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1025764 · Cited by 70
Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages
Ilieva, I. P., & Farah, M. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00198 · Cited by 72
Australian University Students’ Coping Strategies and Use of Pharmaceutical Stimulants as Cognitive Enhancers
Jensen, C., Forlini, C., Partridge, B., & Hall, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00277 · Cited by 72
University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN)
Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., Adamou, M., Catani, M., Champ, R., Gudjónsson, G., Hank, D., Pitts, M., Young, S., & Asherson, P. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03898-z · Cited by 70
Stimulant Prescription Cautions: Addressing Misuse, Diversion and Malingering
Rabiner, D. L. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0375-2 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Predictors of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students
Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709334505 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Impact of Contextual Factors and Substance Characteristics on Perspectives toward Cognitive Enhancement
Sattler, S., Forlini, C., Racine, É., & Sauer, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071452 · Cited by 70
The Rationale for Consuming Cognitive Enhancement Drugs in University Students and Teachers
Sattler, S., Sauer, C., Mehlkop, G., & Graeff, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068821 · Cited by 75
University students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a literature review
Sedgwick-Müller, J. A. (2017) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2017.20 · Cited by 74
The Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among Dental and Dental Hygiene Students
McNiel, A. D., Muzzin, K. B., DeWald, J. P., McCann, A. L., Schneiderman, E. D., Scofield, J. C., & Campbell, P. R. (2011) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2011.75.3.tb05050.x · Cited by 69
Cognitive-enhancing substance use at German universities: frequency, reasons and gender differences
Mache, S., Eickenhorst, P., Vitzthum, K., Klapp, B. F., & Groneberg, D. A. (2012) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-012-0115-y · Cited by 69
Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective
Schepis, T. S., Klare, D. L., Ford, J. A., & McCabe, S. E. (2020) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221820909352 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Cognitive Test Anxiety and Cognitive Enhancement: The Influence of Students’ Worries on Their Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs
Sattler, S., & Wiegel, C. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.751426 · Cited by 72
Motives for illicit prescription drug use among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bennett, T. H., & Holloway, K. R. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.012 · Cited by 62
Substance use to enhance academic performance among Australian university students
Mazanov, J., Dunn, M., Connor, J., & Fielding, M.-L. (2013) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.08.017 · Cited by 65
Evaluating the drivers of and obstacles to the willingness to use cognitive enhancement drugs: the influence of drug characteristics, social environment, and personal characteristics
Sattler, S., Mehlkop, G., Graeff, P., & Sauer, C. (2014) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-9-8 · Cited by 61
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for College Students With ADHD: Temporal Stability of Improvements in Functioning Following Active Treatment
Anastopoulos, A. D., King, K. A., Besecker, L. H., O’Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Supple, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717749932 · Cited by 58
Self-citation
Globalization and Cognitive Enhancement: Emerging Social and Ethical Challenges for ADHD Clinicians
Singh, I., Filipe, Â. M., Bárd, I., Bergey, M. R., & Baker, L. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0385-0 · Cited by 62
A New Organizational and Study Skills Intervention for College Students with ADHD
Hartung, C. M., Canu, W. H., Serrano, J. W., Vasko, J. M., Stevens, A. E., Abu-Ramadan, T. M., Bodalski, E. A., Neger, E. N., Bridges, R. M., Gleason, L. L., et al. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.09.005 · Cited by 59
Predicting Students’ Intention to use Stimulants for Academic Performance Enhancement
Ponnet, K. S., Wouters, E., Walrave, M., Heirman, W., & Hal, G. F. V. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.952446 · Cited by 60
The ethics of elective psychopharmacology
Mohamed, A. D., & Sahakian, B. J. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s146114571100037x · Cited by 56
Stimulant medication use in college students: Comparison of appropriate users, misusers, and nonusers.
Hartung, C. M., Canu, W. H., Cleveland, C. S., Lefler, E. K., Mignogna, M. J., Fedele, D. A., Correia, C. J., Leffingwell, T. R., & Clapp, J. D. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0033822 · Cited by 62
A systematic review of the motivations for the non-medical use of prescription drugs in young adults
Drazdowski, T. K. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.011 · Cited by 53
Non-Medical Prescription Stimulant Use in Graduate Students
Verdi, G. R., Weyandt, L. L., & Zavras, B. M. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714529816 · Cited by 61
The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes
Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., & Oster, D. R. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.023 · Cited by 52
Misuse of Methylphenidate
Clemow, D. B. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_426 · Cited by 50
Ethical Considerations in the Framing of the Cognitive Enhancement Debate
Outram, S. M. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9131-7 · Cited by 47
Expectations regarding cognitive enhancement create substantial challenges
Racine, É., & Forlini, C. (2009) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2009.030460 · Cited by 47
Adolescent Athletic Participation and Nonmedical Adderall Use: An Exploratory Analysis of a Performance-Enhancing Drug
Veliz, P. T., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.714 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Compensation for Cognitive Deficits or a Question of Personality?
Maier, L. J., Wunderli, M. D., Vonmoos, M., Roemmelt, A. T., Baumgartner, M. R., Seifritz, E., Schaub, M. P., & Quednow, B. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129805 · Cited by 46
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students
Murkett, K., Smart, W., & Nugent, K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s64136 · Cited by 59
Illicit Stimulant Use among Medical Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Alrakaf, F. A., Binyousef, F. H., Altammami, A. F., Alharbi, A., Shadid, A., & Alrahili, N. M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6688 · Cited by 42
Are symptoms of ADHD related to substance use among college students?
Glass, K., & Flory, K. (2011) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0024215 · Cited by 46
Associations Between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement
Sattler, S., & Schunck, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01971 · Cited by 41
Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives
Daubner, J., Arshaad, M. I., Henseler, C., Hescheler, J., Ehninger, D., Broich, K., Rawashdeh, O., Papazoglou, A., & Weiergräber, M. (2021) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/8823383 · Cited by 44
Non-Medical Use of Prescription Stimulants: A Comparison of College Students and their Same-Age Peers Who Do Not Attend College
Ford, J. A., & Pomykacz, C. R. (2016) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1213471 · Cited by 37
The Consumption of Energy Drinks Among a Sample of College Students and College Student Athletes
Gallucci, A. R., Martin, R. J., & Morgan, G. B. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0075-4 · Cited by 37
Prevalence of and motives for pharmacological neuroenhancement in Switzerland—results from a national internet panel
Maier, L. J., Haug, S., & Schaub, M. P. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13059 · Cited by 37
Normative perceptions of non-medical stimulant use: Associations with actual use and hazardous drinking
Kilmer, J. R., Geisner, I. M., Gasser, M. L., & Lindgren, K. P. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.005 · Cited by 36
The importance of stress, self-efficacy, and self-medication for pharmacological neuroenhancement among employees and students
Maier, L. J., Haug, S., & Schaub, M. P. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.012 · Cited by 36
Motives for Prescription Stimulant Misuse in a College Sample: Characteristics of Users, Perception of Risk, and Consequences of Use
Blevins, C. E., Stephens, R. S., & Abrantes, A. M. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1245338 · Cited by 36
Nonmedical Stimulant Use in College Students: Association With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Other Disorders
Wilens, T., Zulauf, C., Martelon, M., Morrison, N. R., Simon, A., Carrellas, N. W., Yule, A., & Anselmo, R. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09559 · Cited by 35
The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder
Perugi, G., & Vannucchi, G. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2015.1079620 · Cited by 38
Neuropsychological functioning in college students who misuse prescription stimulants
Wilens, T. E., Carrellas, N. W., Martelon, M., Yule, A. M., Fried, R. S., Anselmo, R., & McCabe, S. E. (2017) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12551 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Added Stakeholders, Added Value(s) to the Cognitive Enhancement Debate: Are Academic Discourse and Professional Policies Sidestepping Values of Stakeholders?
Forlini, C., & Racine, É. (2012) · AJOB Primary Research · doi:10.1080/21507716.2011.645116 · Cited by 34
“I love having benzos after my coke shot”: The use of psychotropic medication among cocaine users in downtown Montreal
Motta‐Ochoa, R., Bertrand, K., Arruda, N., Jutras‐Aswad, D., & Roy, É. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.012 · Cited by 34
Hearing Beyond the Normal Enabled by Therapeutic Devices: The Role of the Recipient and the Hearing Profession
Wolbring, G. (2011) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-011-9120-x · Cited by 34
Illegal College ADHD Stimulant Distributors: Characteristics and Potential Areas of Intervention
DeSantis, A. D., Anthony, K. E., & Cohen, E. L. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.778281 · Cited by 34
Perceptions of assisted cognitive and sport performance enhancement among university students in England
Vargo, E. J., James, R. A., Agyeman, K. D., MacPhee, T., McIntyre, R., Ronca, F., & Petróczi, A. (2014) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2015.02.001 · Cited by 32
Treatments for Adolescents With Comorbid ADHD and Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review
Zaso, M. J., Park, A., & Antshel, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715569280 · Cited by 31
The Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants on College Campuses
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., Ketcham, P. L., & Smit, E. (2015) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198115580576 · Cited by 31
Clinical Utility and Predictive Validity of Parent and College Student Symptom Ratings in Predicting an ADHD Diagnosis
Dvorsky, M. R., Langberg, J. M., Molitor, S. J., & Bourchtein, E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22268 · Cited by 30
The Prototype/Willingness model, academic versus health‐risk information, and risk cognitions associated with nonmedical prescription stimulant use among college students
Stock, M. L., Litt, D., Arlt, V. K., Peterson, L. M., & Sommerville, J. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02087.x · Cited by 30
Normative influences on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among college students.
Silvestri, M. M., & Correia, C. J. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000182 · Cited by 30
The off-prescription use of modafinil: An online survey of perceived risks and benefits
Teodorini, R. D., Rycroft, N., & Smith-Spark, J. H. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227818 · Cited by 32
Pharmaceutical cognitive doping in students: A chimeric way to get-a-head?
Carton, L., Cabé, N., Ménard, O., Deheul, S., Caous, A., Devos, D., Cottencin, O., & Bordet, R. (2018) · Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.therap.2018.02.005 · Cited by 29
Neuroethical issues in pharmacological cognitive enhancement
Mohamed, A. D. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1306 · Cited by 29
Prescription Stimulant Misuse and ADHD Symptomatology Among College Students in Iceland
Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Weyandt, L., & Ernudottir, G. B. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716684379 · Cited by 25
Prescription Stimulants in College and Medical Students: A Narrative Review of Misuse, Cognitive Impact, and Adverse Effects
Edinoff, A. N., Nix, C. A., McNeil, S. E., Wagner, S. E., Johnson, C. A., Williams, B. C., Cornett, E. M., Murnane, K. S., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint3030018 · Cited by 26
Methylphenidate use and poly-substance use among undergraduate students attending a South African university
Steyn, F. (2016) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.760 · Cited by 26
Psychosocial functioning among college students who misuse stimulants versus other drugs
Cole, V. T., & Hussong, A. M. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106290 · Cited by 26
Motivations for prescription drug misuse among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in Philadelphia
Kecojević, A., Corliss, H. L., & Lankenau, S. E. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.010 · Cited by 26
Exploring the Relationship Between Stimulant Use and Gambling in College Students
Geisner, I. M., Huh, D., Cronce, J. M., Lostutter, T. W., Kilmer, J. R., & Larimer, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9586-2 · Cited by 26
Associations between adolescent sleep deficiency and prescription opioid misuse in adulthood
Groenewald, C. B., Law, E. F., Rabbitts, J. A., & Palermo, T. M. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa201 · Cited by 26
An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Nonprescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students
Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., & Smit, E. (2013) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042613491109 · Cited by 25
Unmet Needs in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Fill the Gap? Promises and Ethical Challenges
Sierawska, A., Prehn-Kristensen, A., Moliadze, V., Krauel, K., Nowak, R., Freitag, C., Siniatchkin, M., & Buyx, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00334 · Cited by 27
Is ADHD, independent of ODD, associated with whether and why college students misuse stimulant medication?
Benson, K., Woodlief, D. T., Flory, K., Siceloff, E. R., Coleman, K., & Lamont, A. E. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000202 · Cited by 26
Prevalence and Factor Related to Ritalin Abuse among Iranian Medical College Student: An Application of Theory of Planned Behavior
Jalilian, F., Matin, B. K., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Ataee, M., Mahboubi, M., Motlagh, F. Z., & Aghaei, A. (2013) · Cited by 23
Prescription and over-the-counter drug treatment admissions to the California public treatment system
Gonzales, R. E., Brecht, M., Mooney, L. J., & Rawson, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2010.11.003 · Cited by 23
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants Among US High School Students to Help Study: Results From a National Survey
Teter, C. J., DiRaimo, C. G., West, B. T., Schepis, T. S., & McCabe, S. E. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190018783887 · Cited by 23
Self-citation

Authors: Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, E. J., Hoyle, R. H., McCabe, S. E., & Swartzwelder, H. S.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Rabiner, David L.
ORCID: Anastopoulos, Arthur D.
Costello, E. Jane
Hoyle, Rick H.
McCabe, Sean Esteban
Swartzwelder, H. Scott
Venue: Journal of Attention Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-07-29
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 259-270
ISSN: 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
1557-1246
DOI: 10.1177/1087054708320399
OpenAlex: W2118016764
Cited by: 238
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 3.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA018754)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: university students, stimulant abuse, attention deficits, academic performance, perceived consequences, adverse drug reactions, self-medication
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Self Medication, Sex Factors, Students, Universities, Chi-Square Distribution, Prescription Drugs

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Motives and Perceived Consequences of Nonmedical ADHD Medication Use by College Students: Are Students Treating Themselves for Attention Problems?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks