The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 66 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes Within ADHD?
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Children with ADHD have heterogeneous behavioral and neuropsychological profiles. The aim of this study was to examine the possible utility of executive function (EF) subtypes within ADHD. Method: Participants were 357 children aged 6 through 13 with a diagnosis of ADHD. Children completed a brief laboratory battery measuring EF, including response inhibition, response variability, speed, and set-shifting. Children also completed standardized intelligence and achievement testing. Results: Two-way cluster analysis of EF profiles of children with ADHD produced a three-cluster solution, labeled poor inhibitory control, poor set-shifting/speed, and intact task performance. Clusters significantly differed in measures of intelligence, academic achievement, and other disruptive behavior and anxiety/mood symptoms. Conclusion: These findings further support the idea that children with ADHD have heterogeneous EF profiles and suggest that the theory of ADHD should consider these individual differences in EF profiles within the ADHD diagnostic category.
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34 Not checked yet · 32 Own result · 11 Own interpretation · 9 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the two-step cluster analysis in SPSS and based on the Log-likelihood distance measure, a 3-cluster provided the best fit to the data (BIC=810.3, LL=1.92).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Two-way cluster analysis of EF profiles of children with ADHD produced a three-cluster solution, labeled poor inhibitory control, poor set-shifting/speed, and intact task performance.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As indicated in Table 2, approximately half of each cluster was diagnosed with the ADHD-C subtype, in line with idea that the current DSM-IV ADHD subtypes do not reliably parse EF heterogeneity within ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cluster 2 (n=93, 26% of the total sample) was characterized by relatively poor response inhibition, henceforth termed “poor response inhibition,””
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plainn = 93- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Academic achievement was significantly lower in the poor set-shifting/speed cluster compared to the intact performance cluster (p<.01).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cluster 1 (n=65, 18% of the total sample) was characterized by relatively poor performance on the Trails A and B task, henceforth termed “poor speed/set-shifting.””
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plainn = 65- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Based on these replication analyses, a 3-cluster solution was supported 53% of the time compared to 2-cluster and 4-cluster solutions, which were supported 43% and 5% of the time respectively.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“MDD symptoms were significantly higher in the intact task performance cluster compared to the other clusters (p<.05, η2=.05).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cluster 3 (n=199, 56% of the total sample) was characterized by children with relatively intact task performance, henceforth termed “intact.””
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plainn = 199- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“however the intact task performance group was significantly older (F[2,356]=17.75, p=<.001, η2=.09) than the two EF dysfunction groups.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The MANOVA conducted to examine mean cluster differences in ADHD, ODD, CD, GAD and MDD symptoms was significant (F[12,572]=4.78, p=<.001, η2=.09).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Posthoc Tukey tests indicated that ODD symptoms and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms were significantly higher in the poor set-shifting/speed cluster compared to the other clusters (p<.05, η2=.01–.09), suggesting that this subgroup exhibited significantly higher disruptive behavior problems, although—at a descriptive level—both executive dysfunction groups had more symptoms than the intact task”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ADHD-C subtype appears to include children with poor set-shifting/speed, poor response inhibition, and relatively intact task performance.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Interestingly, this group of children had higher depressive symptoms.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The poor response inhibition subgroup exhibited a behavioral and cognitive profile that was descriptively intermediate between the poor set-shifting/speed and intact task performance groups.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that, although significant, the symptom differences between the two impaired EF groups were relatively small”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the descriptive information on EF within cluster (shown in Table 2) does not support that conceptualization.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subgroup of children with ADHD with poor set-shifting/speed appeared to be most impaired, relative to both the intact task performance and the poor response inhibition subgroups.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In line with this prior work, the current study suggests that ADHD-C subtype is a heterogeneous group in relation to EF characteristics.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It is important to note that children in the “intact” task performance group exhibited intact performance relative to the other clusters”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although two-step cluster analysis revealed a three-cluster solution as the best fit for the data”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children with EF problems typically exhibit worse academic achievement (Biederman et al., 2004; Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biederman et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Effect sizes of EF association with ADHD fall in only the medium range”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Set-shifting appears to be localized to the left inferior prefrontal cortex (McDonald et al., 2005)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McDonald et al., 2005
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“not all children with ADHD exhibit these deficits (Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005).”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“EF impairment does not characterize all children with ADHD (Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone & Pennington, 2005).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nigg et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“EF abilities in children and adults have been associated with activity in specific, and somewhat distinct, areas of the prefrontal cortex.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McDonald et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Aron et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“performance on set-shifting and response inhibition tasks are only moderately correlated (Lehto, Juujarvi, Kooistra & Pulkkinen, 2003; Miyake, et al., 2000)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lehto et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Miyake et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“EF is multicomponential (i.e., consists of several different components; Miyake, Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, & Howerter, 2000)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miyake et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the subtypes are unstable over time such that children with one subtype early on are often diagnosed with a different subtype later during childhood (Lahey et al., 1994; 2005; Willcutt et al., 2012; but see Derefinko et al., 2008, Milich, 2001).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lahey et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Derefinko et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“response inhibition taps more medial and left inferior prefrontal structures (Aron, Robbins, & Poldrack, 2004; Casey et al., 1997; Moriguchi & Hiraki, 2009; Rogers, Andrews, Grasb, Brooks & Robbins, 2000)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aron et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Casey et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Moriguchi & Hiraki, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, these subtypes have not been well supported.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lahey et al., 1994
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Derefinko et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“children with anxiety disorders exhibit deficits in EF, specifically problems with episodic memory and slow processing speed (Airaksinen, Larsson, & Forsell, 2005)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Airaksinen et al., 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“other disruptive behavior disorders, including Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD), are highly comorbid with ADHD (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angold et al., 1999
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two-step cluster analysis has been shown to lead to more objective solutions than K-means cluster analysis because the number of clusters is automatically determined using the Log-likelihood distance measure and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) criterion to determine the best solution (Chiu, Fang, Chen, Wang & Jeris, 2001; Bacher, Wenzig, & Vogler, 2004).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chiu et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Bacher et al., 2004
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Some research suggests that EF impairment, particularly problems with set-shifting, may explain the association between ADHD and learning problems (Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All external validation analyses were rerun controlling for child age, gender, and ethnicity with no significant changes in findings.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Secondary Checks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children with these disorders often exhibit impairment in inhibitory control, similar to children with ADHD (Oosterlaan & Sergeant, 1998; Raaijmakers et al., 2008; Schachar et al., 2000; Sergeant, Geurts, & Oosterlaan, 2002)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oosterlaan & Sergeant, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Raaijmakers et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Schachar et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on cluster analysis, there is support for the existence of EF clusters within the ADHD diagnostic category.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“These findings further support the idea that children with ADHD have heterogeneous EF profiles and suggest that the theory of ADHD should consider these individual differences in EF profiles within the ADHD diagnostic category.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The community-recruited sample of children with ADHD is representative of the broader population of children with ADHD, so the identified executive function clusters can be generalized to the ADHD diagnostic category.
- Rests on an assumption: The abbreviated executive function battery used in this study adequately captures the full range of executive function abilities relevant to ADHD subtyping.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Profiles of EF impairment may be one way to increase homogeneity within the ADHD diagnostic category.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As noted, the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 1994) subtypes and DSM-5 (APA, 2013) presentations of ADHD (ADHD-PI, ADHD-PH, and ADHD-C) have not been well validated in relation to longitudinal stable or via use of external correlates (Lahey et. al, 1994; Willcutt et al., 2005).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lahey et. al, 1994
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, this group of children might be in least need of academic intervention, at least compared to other children with ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In fact, some recent work suggests that children with ADHD and EF impairment may be more severely impaired than those children without EF impairment in regard to school performance and academic abilities (Lambek et al., 2010).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lambek et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One important limitation of the current study was the small battery of EF tasks used.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This might be particularly true for children with poor set-shifting or multi-tasking ability, skills which appear to be particularly useful in the classroom (Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008; Bull & Scerif, 2001).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Bull & Scerif, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings further support the idea that children with ADHD have heterogeneous EF profiles”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The community-recruited sample of children with ADHD is representative of the broader population of children with ADHD, so the identified executive function clusters can be generalized to the ADHD diagnostic category.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in line with idea that the current DSM-IV ADHD subtypes do not reliably parse EF heterogeneity within ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study results suggest that the current three DSM-IV ADHD subtypes, based on behavioral symptom presentation, might—with further empirical support—be able to be replaced by subtypes based on EF profiles.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, there appears to be three EF impairment clusters, or subtypes, within the present sample, based on the short EF battery utilized.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The abbreviated executive function battery used in this study adequately captures the full range of executive function abilities relevant to ADHD subtyping.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These clusters were able to be meaningfully validated via use of other disruptive behavior and anxiety/mood symptoms, as well as intelligence and academic achievement.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, the present study cannot rule out the possibility that the group of children falling into the intact task performance cluster was not actually a group of children with some type of EF impairment that was not evaluated in the present study (see Fair et al., 2012).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fair et al., 2012
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the current study provides support for the concept that EF subtypes can be seen within ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ANOVA indicated significant cluster differences in intelligence (F[2, 351]=7.04, p=.001, η2=.04) with the poor set-shifting/speed cluster exhibiting significantly lower intelligence than the other two clusters (p<.05).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although—at a descriptive level—both executive dysfunction groups had more symptoms than the intact task performance cluster.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the two-cluster solution, supported 43% of the time, was characterized by an intact task performance cluster and an EF dysfunction cluster. The EF dysfunction cluster displayed weaker performance on all executive function tasks as compared to the intact task performance group.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > Cluster/Profile Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MANOVA indicated significant cluster differences in academic achievement (F[6,430]=2.93, p=.008, η2=.04), with significant follow-up ANOVAs for spelling (F [2,216]=6.01, p=.003, η2=.05) and mathematics (F [2, 216]=6.60, p=.002, η2=.06), but not for reading (F [2,216]=2.67, p=.071, η2=.02).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not inattentive ADHD symptoms (F[2, 293]=.705, p=.495, η2=.01) or GAD symptoms (F[2, 290]=.83, p=.439, η2=.01).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At a descriptive level, the response inhibition cluster exhibited slightly lower academic achievement than the intact task performance cluster, although this difference was not statistically significant.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up ANOVAs revealed significant cluster differences in ODD symptoms (F[2,290]=6.23, p=.002, η2=.04), CD symptoms (F[2,290]=14.23, p=<.001, η2=.09), MDD symptoms (F[2,290]=7.30, p=.001, η2=.05), and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms (F[2,293]=7.15, p=.001, η2=.05)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The clusters did not differ on the variables of gender or ethnicity;”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they also did not exhibit academic problems or sub-par intelligence.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the current battery, these subtypes were poor set-shifting/speed, poor inhibitory control, and relatively intact task performance.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In line with prior work (Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Willcutt, et al., 2005), there appear to be at least two EF subtypes within ADHD, and possibly more.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Willcutt, et al., 2005
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The poor set-shifting/speed subgroup experienced lower academic achievement, lower intelligence, and increased ODD and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms compared to other children with ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there may be at least a subgroup of children with ADHD who have intact task performance, although it should be noted that we cannot rule out that this group had some other type of deficit.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be three EF subgroups within ADHD, and they may exhibit somewhat distinct profiles of comorbid problems, including academic achievement.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EF are characterized by unity and diversity, meaning that they are both overlapping, and yet distinct (Miyake et al., 2000)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miyake et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The STOP task has been has been well-validated, has an alpha reliability greater than .80, and is used to measure the ability to suppress a motor response on cue (Band, van der Molen, & Logan, 2003; Logan, 1994).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Band et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Logan, 1994
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children were administered a reliable three-subtest short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III, prior to 2003) or Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) comprised of the Block Design, Information, and Vocabulary subtests of the WISC-IV (Sattler, 2008; Wechsler, 1991; 2003).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sattler, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This measure requires the participant to trace letters and numbers as quickly as possible without errors and is an index of frontal lobe integrity (Reitan, 1958; Spreen & Strauss, 1991) and has demonstrated high inter-rater reliability as well as alternate forms of reliability ranging from .78 to .92 (Bowie & Harvey, 2006).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reitan, 1958
- Not checked yetcites Spreen & Strauss, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Bowie & Harvey, 2006
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fidelity to interview procedure was checked by having the interview recorded with 5 % reviewed by a certified trainer.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ADHD is associated with learning problems and learning disorders with 20 to 30 percent of children with ADHD exhibiting a diagnosable learning disorder (Hinshaw, 1992; Mayes, Calhoun & Crowell, 2000)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hinshaw, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Mayes et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further validation of the cluster solution was conducted using a validation method in which 50% of the cases were randomly selected 100 times and two-step cluster analysis was performed on the subsamples.”
- Also stated in: § Cluster/Profile Solution · plain
“In order to validate the reliability of the 3-cluster solution using a validation method in which 50% of cases were randomly selected, and two-way cluster analysis was performed 100 times on the subsamples.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Cluster/Profile Solution · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parents of children taking psycho-stimulant medication were asked to consult with a physician about discontinuing medication for 24 to 48 hours prior to the laboratory visit to ensure a more accurate measure of cognitive performance.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Procedure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“EF impairment, particularly set-shifting, is associated with academic problems (Biederman et al., 2004; Bull & Scerif, 2001; Gathercole & Pickering, 2000) and lower intelligence (Mahone et al., 2002)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biederman et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Bull & Scerif, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Mahone et al., 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are also highly associated with ADHD (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999)”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angold et al., 1999
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, shared method variance (in that multiple measures came from the same task) might have influenced cluster characteristics.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Further, some work has suggested that EF questionnaires may be more sensitive to EF impairments than psychological tests (Barkley & Murphy, 2010).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barkley & Murphy, 2010
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EF profiles may have promise as an alternative subtyping approach with important implications for assessment of children with ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and may exhibit EF impairment in areas not assessed in the current study or in other domains not assessed in the present study (e.g., relationships, self esteem).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although these differences are likely to be clinically significant due to the current DSM subtyping approach that relies on small differences in symptoms to determine subtypes, or presentations (APA, 2000; 2013).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites APA, 2000
- Not checked yetcites [2013]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, our use of a 3-subtest IQ test may have led to overestimates of IQ in children with ADHD.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As an example, training of executive functioning, such as working memory and speed, have proven promising for some children with ADHD (Klingberg, et. al, 2005; Mackey, Hill, Stone & Bunge, 2011).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Klingberg, et. al, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Mackey, Hill, Stone & Bunge, 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“That is, poor set-shifting ability may limit children’s ability to think flexibly and multi-task, important components of their ability to flexibly adapt to their surroundings (Hill, 2004; Wechsler, 1971).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hill, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Wechsler, 1971
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the task performance assessment of EF and abbreviated assessment of IQ in the present study may be considered a limitation.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The current study’s results support the idea that there are EF subtypes within the ADHD diagnostic category and suggest that the EF subtypes may merit further attention in assessment and diagnosis of ADHD for DSM-V (Nigg, Rohde, & Todd, 2008; Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nigg, Rohde, & Todd, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This—in turn—has implications for etiological study of ADHD such that EF impairment could be a primary deficit, or possible endophenotype, in a subgroup of children with ADHD (Doyle, et al., 2005; Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Doyle, et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings are in line with work suggesting that EF deficits contribute to academic underachievement in children with ADHD (Biederman, et al., 2004; Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008), as well as comorbid symptomatology (Coolidge, Thede, & Young, 2000; Fischer, Barkley, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2005).”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biederman, et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Bull, Espy, & Wiebe, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Coolidge, Thede, & Young, 2000
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EF assessment in children with ADHD may allow more tailored academic intervention approaches tailored to children’s individual needs, based on their EF profile.”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The community-recruited sample of children with ADHD is representative of the broader population of children with ADHD, so the identified executive function clusters can be generalized to the ADHD diagnostic category.
“Participants were 357 children, between the ages of 6 and 13, recruited through the community who completed an extensive, multi-stage, diagnostic screening procedure.”
“there is support for the existence of EF clusters within the ADHD diagnostic category.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The abbreviated executive function battery used in this study adequately captures the full range of executive function abilities relevant to ADHD subtyping.
“The present study seeks to further evaluate whether EF subtypes are identifiable within ADHD using an abbreviated battery of EF measures that might be easily utilized in clinical practice.”
“there appears to be three EF impairment clusters, or subtypes, within the present sample, based on the short EF battery utilized.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These cognitive deficits are also heterogeneous in ADHD and thus individual differences in cognitive profile should be considered as well [7].”
From ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Participants
“All children included in the current study met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD as outlined below”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Participants
“Fifty-five children exhibited subthreshold ADHD symptoms (i.e., exhibited five symptoms of ADHD or exhibited cross-situational manifestation of symptoms) and were retained in analyses”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > RESULTS > External Validation of the 3-Cluster Solution
“the intact task performance group was significantly older (F[2,356]=17.75, p=<.001, η2=.09) than the two EF dysfunction groups”
§ Are There Executive Dysfunction Subtypes within Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? > METHOD > Participants
“Participants were 357 children, between the ages of 6 and 13”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,772
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154
VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE
Reitan, R. M. (1958) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271 · Cited by 8,167
(1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,071
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- DuPaul G. J., 1998, ADHD Rating Scale IV: Checklists, norms, & clinical interpretation
- Reitan R. M., 1986, PsycCRITIQUES, 31
- Sattler J. M., 2008, Assessment of children cognitive foundations
- Wechsler D., 1991, Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition
- Wechsler D., 2001, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition: Examiner’s manual
- Wechsler D., 2003, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children–Fourth Edition: Administration and scoring manual
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes
Feczko, E., Miranda-Dominguez, O., Marr, M., Graham, A. M., Nigg, J. T., & Fair, D. A. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.009 · Cited by 443
Self-citationADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents
Drechsler, R., Brem, S., Brandeis, D., Grünblatt, E., Berger, G. E., & Walitza, S. (2020) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701658 · Cited by 521
Hyperfocus: the forgotten frontier of attention
Ashinoff, B. K., & Abu-Akel, A. M. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 · Cited by 226
Development of ADHD: Etiology, Heterogeneity, and Early Life Course
Nigg, J. T., Sibley, M. H., Thapar, A., & Karalunas, S. L. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413 · Cited by 205
Self-citationLinking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention
Mueller, A., Hong, D. S., Shepard, S., & Moore, T. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.009 · Cited by 158
Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, B. A., Martel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Roberts, Bethan A.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07-28
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 284-293
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- PMC
- PMC4303540
- OpenAlex
- W2088570949
- Semantic Scholar
- be2015f004071bcc87d0f0ef1f5f2595ad6f04db
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R37MH059105, R01MH059105)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, response inhibition, set-shifting, processing speed, response variability, clustering, children, intelligence, academic performance, disruptive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Academic Performance, Achievement, Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Cluster Analysis, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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