Persistence of Parent-Reported ADHD Symptoms From Childhood Through Adolescence in a Community Sample
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine ADHD symptom persistence and factors associated with elevated symptom counts in a diverse, longitudinal community-based sample. METHOD: Parents reported demographics and completed a diagnostic interview repeatedly over a 6-year period. At Time 1, 481 interviews were completed about children (5-13 years); all participants were invited to four annual follow-up interviews, and 379 (79%) completed at least one. Inattentive (IA) and hyperactive-impulsive (HI) symptom counts were modeled with logistic quantile regression, while accounting for study design complexities. RESULTS: The prevalence of seven IA symptoms remained stable from early childhood through late adolescence. The prevalence of eight HI symptoms decreased by more than half over time. After demographic adjustment, the upper quartile of HI symptom counts decreased with age (p < .01). High HI symptom counts persisted more among those with high IA symptom counts (p = .05). CONCLUSION: This study further characterizes and provides insights into ADHD symptom trajectory through adolescence.
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As individuals with ADHD enter adolescence, their overt hyperactive and impulsive symptoms tend to decline, whereas their inattentive symptoms tend to persist.
“As individuals with ADHD enter adolescence, their overt hyperactive and impulsive symptoms tend to decline, whereas their inattentive symptoms tend to persist.13,14”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The vast majority of follow-up studies of children with ADHD have been conducted with clinical samples, which may not represent the overall ADHD population.
“However, the vast majority of follow-up studies of children with ADHD have been conducted with clinical samples, which may not represent the overall ADHD population.”
From Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Holbrook, J. R., Cuffe, S. P., Cai, B., Visser, S. N., Forthofer, M. S., Bottai, M., Ortaglia, A., & McKeown, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Holbrook, Joseph R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-07-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-20
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- PMC
- PMC4474771
- OpenAlex
- W2150890341
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001427, CC999999)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, symptom persistence, inattentive symptoms, hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, symptom trajectories, childhood to adolescence, parent-reported symptoms, symptom prevalence, comorbidities, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Interviews as Topic, Male, Oklahoma, Parents, South Carolina, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Community-Based Participatory Research
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