Changing ASD-ADHD symptom co-occurrence across the lifespan with adolescence as crucial time window: Illustrating the need to go beyond childhood
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Literature on the co-occurrence between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is strongly biased by a focus on childhood age. A review of the adolescent and adult literature was made on core and related symptoms of ADHD and ASD. In addition, an empirical approach was used including 17,173 ASD-ADHD symptom ratings from participants aged 0 to 84 years. Results indicate that ASD/ADHD constellations peak during adolescence and are lower in early childhood and old age. We hypothesize that on the border of the expected transition to independent adulthood, ASD and ADHD co-occur most because social adaptation and EF skills matter most. Lower correlations in childhood and older age may be due to more diffuse symptoms reflecting respectively still differentiating and de-differentiating EF functions. We plea for a strong research focus in adolescence which may -after early childhood- be a second crucial time window for catching-up pattern explaining more optimal outcomes. We discuss obstacles and oppportunities of a full lifespan approach into old age.
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VII. NIH TOOLBOX COGNITION BATTERY (CB): FACTOR STRUCTURE FOR 3 TO 15 YEAR OLDS
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“Moreover, this study included ADHD and ASD problems, lifespan conditions that should not be ignored as specific problem domains when trying to understand the structure of psychopathology, particularly when studied in relation to EF (Hartman et al. 2016).”
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“This might be due to that optimal social adaptation and EF skills matter most in adolescence (Hartman et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: a national study
Alshaban, F., Aldosari, M., Al‐Shammari, H., El‐Hag, S., Ghazal, I., Tolefat, M., Ali, M., Kamal, M., Abdel Aati, N., Abeidah, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13066 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Hoogman, M., van Rooij, D., Klein, M., Boedhoe, P., Ilioska, I., Li, T., Patel, Y., Postema, M., Zhang-James, Y., Anagnostou, E., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25029 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationStergiakouli, E., Davey Smith, G., Martin, J., Skuse, D. H., Viechtbauer, W., Ring, S. M., Ronald, A., Evans, D. E., Fisher, S. E., Thapar, A., et al. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0131-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with a peak in ADHD and ASD symptom co-occurrence during adolescence [9].”
BackgroundResultRommelse, N., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hartman, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1651-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationMizuno, Y., Kagitani‐Shimono, K., Jung, M., Makita, K., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Tachibana, M., Nakanishi, M., Mohri, I., Taniike, M., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0679-z · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Townes, P., Liu, C., Panesar, P., Devoe, D., Lee, S. Y., Taylor, G., Arnold, P. D., Crosbie, J., & Schachar, R. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231190494 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The overlap of symptoms in individuals with ASD and ADHD peaks during adolescence, where the majority of research has been focused (Hartman et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHartman, C. A., Rommelse, N. N. J., van der Klugt, C. L., Wanders, R. B. K., & Timmerman, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111824 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“While the significance of ADHD beyond childhood has become clearer [1,2], insight into the factors that explain individual differences over the course of ADHD is rather limited.”
BackgroundSelf-citationVisser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“components of) ADHD at the phenotypic and etiologic al level.(48,49) In the moderate-stable group (over 20% of sample), NV-IQ slightly increased, in contrast to the two other stable groups.”
ResultSelf-citationGene × Environment Interaction in Developmental Disorders: Where Do We Stand and What’s Next?
Esposito, G., Azhari, A., & Borelli, J. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02036 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Early executive dysfunction in ASD: Simple versus complex skills
Garon, N., Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1893 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mattingly, G. W., Wilson, J. A., Ugarte, L., & Glaser, P. E. A. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001822 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Similar to ADHD, the symptoms and presentation of ASD change with age.(201) These patients are often extremely sensitive to side effects from ADHD medication; treatmentemergent agitation, increase in stereotypies, or worsening of anxiety can be frequent concerns.”
MethodLi, Y., Xie, T., Melo, D. C., de Vries, M., Lakerveld, J., Zijlema, W. L., & Hartman, C. A. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.115704 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationDalla-Vecchia, E., Mortimer, N., Palladino, V. S., Kittel-Schneider, S., Lesch, K., Reif, A., Schenck, A., & Norton, W. (2018) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000211 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mies, G. W., de Water, E., Wiersema, J. R., & Scheres, A. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1508563 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Waddington, F., Hartman, C. A., de Bruijn, Y. G. E., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Oerlemans, A. M., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9249-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHorwitz, E., Vos, M., de Bildt, A. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., Rommelse, N. N. J., Schoevers, R. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221146477 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“ADHD symptoms on average decline from approximately age 12, with inattention remaining relatively stable or declining at a modest rate, and hyperactivity/impulsivity waning more strongly and remitting more abruptly (Hartman et al., 2016; Vos et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChien, W., Chung, C., Lin, F., Yeh, C., Huang, S., Lu, R., Chang, H., Kao, Y., Chiang, W.-S., Chou, Y., et al. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pehlivanidis, A., Papanikolaou, Κ., Korobili, K., Kalantzi, E., Mantas, V., Pappa, D., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11010018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“[28] reported that both ADHD and ASD symptom constellations are not at all stable across development, with some symptom dimensions (attention problems and social problems) being much more persistent than other symptom dimensions (hyperactivity/impulsivity and repetitive behaviors).”
BackgroundIncreased risk of ADHD in families with ASD
Septier, M., Peyre, H., Amsellem, F., Beggiato, A., Maruani, A., Poumeyreau, M., Amestoy, A., Scheid, I., Gaman, A., Bolognani, F., et al. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1206-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Waddington, F., Hartman, C., de Bruijn, Y., Lappenschaar, M., Oerlemans, A., Buitelaar, J., Franke, B., & Rommelse, N. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.009 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual search in ADHD, ASD and ASD + ADHD: overlapping or dissociating disorders?
Seernani, D. P., Damania, K., Ioannou, C., Penkalla, N., Hill, H., Foulsham, T., Kingstone, A. F., Anderson, N., Boccignone, G., Bender, S., et al. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01535-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jonsson, U., Coco, C., Fridell, A., Brown, S., Berggren, S., Hirvikoski, T., & Bölte, S. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2019.1695933 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with a range of altered cognitive functions that are crucial during these transformative years, including social cognition, self-regulation, central coherence, attention, self-control, planning, and mental flexibility [12 – 14].”
BackgroundDiagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with autism and ADHD
Hatch, B., Kadlaskar, G., & Miller, M. R. (2022) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.22808 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724759 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
May, T., Brignell, A., Hawi, Z., Brereton, A. V., Tonge, B. J., Bellgrove, M. A., & Rinehart, N. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0131-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“[20] commented on the biased focus of research on children with ASD/ADHD rather than older individuals and reported findings from their study that investigated individuals aged from birth to 84 years.”
BackgroundAustin, C. E., Curtin, P. C. P., Curtin, A., Gennings, C., Arora, M., Tammimies, K., Isaksson, J., Willfors, C., & Bölte, S. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0567-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Schiltz, H. K., McVey, A. J., Gonring, K., Haendel, A. D., Murphy, C. C., Hecke, A. V. V., & Gerdes, A. C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02083-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Difficulties associated with this combined presentation seem to peak during adolescence, which align with the increase in social and executive functioning demands (Hartman et al., 2016).”
Capp, S. J., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Lau‐Zhu, A., Colvert, E., Tye, C., Aydın, Ü., Lautarescu, A., Ellis, C. L., Saunders, T. S., O’Brien, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05640-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Deserno, M. K., Bathelt, J., Groenman, A. P., & Geurts, H. M. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-01986-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“There are strong indications that the co-occurrence between ADHD and ASD is dependent on age (for review see [35]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWright, N., Courchesne, V., Pickles, A. R., Bedford, R., Duku, E., Kerns, C. M., Bennett, T., Georgiades, S., Hill, J., Richard, A., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001599 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“It has also been hypothesized that the co-occurrence between ADHD and autism increases during adolescence as the demands on executive functions and social adaptation skills increase (Hartman, Geurts, Franke, Buitelaar, & Rommelse, 2016).”
BackgroundHorwitz, E., Schoevers, R. A., Greaves‐Lord, K., de Bildt, A. A., & Hartman, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04403-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, K., Fu, Z., Lai, Q.-J., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., & Cao, Q. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110731 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Petruzzelli, M. G., Matera, E., Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Gabellone, A., Cotugno, C., Annecchini, F., & Cortese, S. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2599856 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The convergence of ADHD and ASD in this domain becomes particularly salient during adolescence, when escalating social and executive demands amplify underlying vulnerabilities [26].”
Shakeshaft, A., Heron, J., Blakey, R., Riglin, L., Smith, G. D., Stergiakouli, E., Tilling, K. M., & Thapar, A. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13851 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“One hypothesis is that there are subgroups with different developmental changes in autism-ADHD co-occurrence (Hartman et al., 2016).”
InfluentialMiranda, B. R., Berenguer, C., Navío, P., Baixauli, I., & Miranda, A. (2017) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-017-0114-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ioannou, C., Seernani, D. P., Stefanou, M. E., Riedel, A., van Elst, L. T., Smyrnis, N., Fleischhaker, C., Biscaldi-Schaefer, M., Boccignone, G., & Klein, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.545567 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“org 8 developmental ages (79), their genetic origins (80) and the recency of this discussion, more research directly investigating the comorbid ASD + ADHD group is needed to clarify this topic and replicate and extend our findings.”
ResultPagán, A. F., & Loveland, K. A. (2024) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-024-00402-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Difficulties related to social functioning, attention, self-regulation, and adapting to stress make the transition even more challenging for individuals with NDDs (Fossum et al., 2021; Hartman et al., 2016; Thapar & Rutter, 2015).”
Pharmacotherapy of ADHD in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effectiveness and Side Effects
Muit, J. J., Bothof, N., & Kan, C. C. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719866255 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., & Isaksen, J. (2020) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2020.1756499 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smith, T. F., Kaczorowski, J. A., & Acosta, M. T. (2020) · Child s Nervous System · doi:10.1007/s00381-020-04745-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vaidya, C. J., & Klein, C. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_334 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Geannopoulos, Z. F., Moody, C. T., McGregor, H. A., Baertschi, D., Bates, S., & Laugeson, E. A. (2024) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-023-00380-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, more research is needed on those with co-occurring ADHD and autism, with particular attention needed for understanding adolescence as a crucial window for symptom constellations (Hartman et al., 2016).”
BackgroundFood selectivity and eating difficulties in adults with autism and/or ADHD
Bayoumi, S. C., Halkett, A. E., Miller, M., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251314223 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Given that daily living skills, support needs, and features of these conditions can shift over the lifespan (Hartman et al., 2016), it is important to examine how and whether eating difficulties common in childhood manifest in adulthood.”
Ito, T., Yoshida, M., Aida, T., Kushima, I., Hiramatsu, Y., Ono, M., Yoshimi, A., Tanaka, K., Ozaki, N., & Noda, Y. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15790 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This behavior is also observed in patients with psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD and ASD, who often have difficulty adapting to novel environments (Hartman et al., 2016; Mikami et al., 2019).”
BackgroundFossum, I. N., Øie, M. G., Orm, S., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01265-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In contrast, difficulties with executive functions (EF) have been identified as a promising endophenotype in ASD and as a relatively stable, underlying vulnerability (Craig et al., 2016; Hartman et al., 2016 ).”
InfluentialRanieri, A., Monica, I. L., Iorio, M. R. D., Lombardo, B., & Pastore, L. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15040427 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Such behaviour is also seen in patients with ADHD and ASD, who are often unable to adapt to new situations [46,47].”
BackgroundKopp, S., Asztély, K., Landberg, S., Wærn, M., Bergman, S., & Gillberg, C. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158751 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This decrease can partly be explained by the fact that many women seek neuropsychiatric evaluation as adults independently (without other informants) and that inattentive symptoms, more often diagnosed in girls, but often missed in childhood, persist into adulthood or decline only at a moderate rate (Hartman et al., 2…”
BackgroundKrakowski, A. D., Szatmári, P., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R. J., Duku, E., Georgiades, S., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654120 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhong, Q., & Porter, M. A. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-024-00443-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Previous literature has suggested that both ADHD and ASD symptoms are not stable across the lifespan, with some symptom dimensions being more persistent than others, such as social communication and restrictive and repetitive behaviours, respectively (Hartman et al., 2016).”
Lin, Y., Chiu, Y., Wu, Y., Tsai, W., & Gau, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05445-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., Orm, S., Hovik, K. T., & Øie, M. G. (2022) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2022.2095360 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“As childhood and adolescence are characterised by rapid changes in EF, a developmental delay in EF is considered a central source of the disability associated with ADHD and ASD (Best & Miller, 2010; Hartman et al., 2016; Zelazo, 2020).”
BackgroundDoherty, B. R., Longhi, E., Cole, V. L., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Cornish, K. M., & Scerif, G. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103692 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A review of prevalence studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder by latitude and solar irradiance impact
Syed, S., Moore, K., & March, E. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Matsui, K., Yoshiike, T., Tsuru, A., Otsuki, R., Nagao, K., Ayabe, N., Hazumi, M., Utsumi, T., Yamamoto, K., Fukumizu, M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053737 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Orm, S., Pollak, Y., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2022) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2022.2082430 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Berenguer, C., Miranda, B. R., & Leader, G. (2018) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v8n2p107 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Frazier, T. W., Szatmári, P., Duku, E., Richard, A., Smith, I. M., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bedford, R., Kerns, C. M., Zaidman‐Zait, A., et al. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Longitudinal evidence indicated that these associations peak during adolescence (Hartman et al. 2016), suggesting a potential quadratic trend that might not be well captured by cross-sectional data.”
Pagán, A. F., Vanderburg, J. L., & Loveland, K. A. (2024) · Rehabilitation counselors & educators journal · doi:10.52017/001c.120542 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nooripour, R., Hosseinian, S., Afrouz, G. A., & Bakhshani, N. (2018) · international journal high risk behaviors & addiction · doi:10.5812/ijhrba.82012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Same countable rates around 5% were for adults with ADHD (3).”
BackgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Medicaid-Enrolled Autistic Adults
Yerys, B. E., Tao, S., Shea, L., & Wallace, G. L. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.53402 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Capp, S., Burca, A. D., Aydın, Ü., Agnew‐Blais, J. C., Lautarescu, A., Ronald, A., Happe, F. G. E., & McLoughlin, G. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This is reiterated by several researchers who emphasise that those presenting in clinical contexts likely represent more extreme or archetypal cases, whereas, in reality, mixed trait profiles are more common (Grzadzinski et al., 2016; Hartman et al., 2016; Miodovnik et al., 2015).”
InfluentialOrm, S., Wood, J. J., Fossum, I. N., Adams, K., Andersen, P. N., Fjermestad, K. W., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01292-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wilson, J., Mandich, A. D., Magalhães, L., & Gain, K. (2018) · The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.15453/2168-6408.1455 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bemmouna, D., Weibel, S., Kosel, M., Hasler, R., Weiner, L., & Perroud, N. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114580 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Skogli, E. W., Orm, S., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., & Øie, M. G. (2022) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2022.2123735 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…Division Mental Health Care, Innlandet Hospital Trust, BUP Lillehammer, Anders Sandvigs gate 17, Brumunddal 2629, Norway symptoms may wane with age (Hartman et al., 2016), and this symptom diversity may cause substantial variability in ADHD persistence rates with age (Di Lorenzo et al., 2021;…”
The associations between autistic characteristics and microtransaction spending
Charnock, T., Drummond, A., Hall, L. C., & Sauer, J. D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64812-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Old Age in Adults with ASD: Psychosocial Aspects—a Systematic Review
Parchomiuk, M. (2021) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00229-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Herpers, P. C. M., Bakker-Huvenaars, M. J., Greven, C. U., Wiegers, E. C., Nijhof, K. S., Baanders, A. N., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01282-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWinnemuller, A., Heijnen-Kohl, S., & van Alphen, S. P. J. (2024) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.6124 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“18 The detection of ASD in old age is complex due to insufficient knowledge and alertness among health care professionals.”
Silva, M. R. D. V. C. E., Gaigg, S., Benjamin, L., & Bogosian, A. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202649 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jensen, V. H., Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Andersen, P. N., Hovik, K. T., & Skogli, E. W. (2023) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2023.2292264 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“ADHD symptoms have not always been shown to be stable over time (Hartman et al., 2016), but impaired executive functions (EF) seem to remain relatively stable through development, causing progressing impairment due to increasing environmental demands in adolescent age (Fossum et al., 2021; Pievsky…”
Li, Y., Xie, T., Li, L., Jing, L., Vos, M., Chang, Z., Snieder, H., & Hartman, C. A. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00546-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Similarly, another study revealed that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of cardiovascular diseases 19 and it is well known that autism and ADHD often co-occur 20,21 .”
Self-citationGrief, Relief, and Belief: A Social Media Study on Late Identification of Neurodivergence
Mair, A. P. A., Gonzalez-Figueroa, M., McConachie, D., Goodall, K., & Gillespie‐Smith, K. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261437916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…centring on one of these or their late identification stemming from a more complex neurodevelopmental profile where features from each masked features from the other and only became apparent in adulthood as social demands exceeded ability to mask (APA, 2022; Hartman et al., 2016; Rau et al., 2020).”
Related Disorders (Intellectual, Attention, and Language Disorders) and ASD
Dieckhaus, M. F. S., Thomas, R. P., Frisch, M., Moreno, M. P., Suh, J., & FEIN, D. A. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Raji, O., & Javaid, S. (2022) · British Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1111/bld.12446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nagano, S., Kamimura, N., Sota, S., Takahashi, H., Suganuma, N., & Kazui, H. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1002/pcn5.104 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Thorsson, M., Holmefur, M., & Lidström-Holmqvist, K. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2023.2175723 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, X., Tong, J., Lu, M., Luo, L., Liu, Y., Huang, Q., Lv, P., Zheng, Y., Gan, H., Geng, M., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c01402 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
ADHD, Distractibility, and ABA
Orantes, D., Rohacek, A., & Antshel, K. M. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Orm, S., Tien, I. S., Wood, J. J., & Fjermestad, K. W. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00303-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The overlap may be due to neurocognitive vulnerabilities within executive function and social cognition that are common to both rare genetic disorders, ASD, and ADHD [19, 21, 22, 24].”
Adamis, D., Langan, N., Gavin, B., & Mcnicholas, F. (2025) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2025.10090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“2024) One possible explanation for this discontinuity is the growing demands for social adaptation and the use of executive functioning skills in adulthood, which may make the presentation of co-occurring ADHD and ASD less apparent, or less diagnostically significant, over time (Hartman et al .”
Chau, T., Tiego, J., Brown, L. E., Mellahn, O. J., Johnson, B. P., Arnatkevičiūtė, A., Fulcher, B., Matthews, N. L., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2024) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12223 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Towards a Satisfactory Future—Multiprofessional Rehabilitation for Young Persons with ADHD or ASD
Heinijoki, H., Karhula, M. E., Vuoskoski, P., Munukka, M., Nikander, R., & Seppänen‐Järvelä, R. (2024) · Disabilities · doi:10.3390/disabilities4040057 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Transitioning to independent adulthood can pose additional challenges for persons with lifelong illnesses or disabilities due to the increasing demands for independent adaptive functioning and greater role requirements in various domains of life [1–3].”
Fridell, A., Olsson, N. C., Coco, C., Bölte, S., & Jonsson, U. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251331993 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Age-related changes in symptom manifestation of ADHD may be a contributing factor (Hartman et al., 2016).”
Liang, K., Huang, L., Lam, K. K. L., Liao, Y., Chi, X., Liu, H., Lin, X., & Chi, P. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202657 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yu, Z.-X., Chen, H., Mo, H.-Y., Geng, M.-L., Zhang, Y. S., Tong, J., Wang, Y.-F., Huang, K., Zhou, J.-X., Zhu, B.-B., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110402 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
When Autism Spectrum Disorder Masks ADHD in Adolescents
Weissman, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62393-7_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lyon, R. E., Wanstall, E. A., & Toplak, M. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74675-9_13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Profile of Children suspected of ASD in a Tertiary Care Centre
Pratyusha, A., & Mandadi, G. D. (2022) · Telangana journal of IMA. · doi:10.52314/tjima.2022.v2i2.80
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lazar, S. M., & Voigt, R. G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824060-1.00017-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The female side of ADHD and ASD
Kok, F. M. (2021) · doi:10.33612/diss.179073089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Large-Scale Assessment of Language, Speech, and Movement in Autism and ADHD with AIPreprint
Silvan, A., Parra, L. C., Franco, A. R., Martino, A. D., Milham, M. P., & Madsen, J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.682864 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Further complicating matters, language, speech, and motor coordination develop rapidly with age, and symptom presentations can shift [48].”
Variatie in de vroege trajecten van autismesymptomen
Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N. N. J., Lappenschaar, M. G. A., Servatius-Oosterling, I. J., Greven, C. U., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/s12453-018-00198-w
Self-citationASS und ADHS — zwei verwandte Störungen?
Felnhofer, A., Kothgassner, O. D., & Klier, C. M. (2019) · Pädiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15014-019-1751-0
“Die meisten Studien zu ASS und ADHS fokussieren sich auf Kinder und Jugendliche und werden damit der Tatsache nicht gerecht, dass die Symptome häug bis ins Erwachsenenalter persistieren und dabei einer Wandlung unterliegen: So zeigen sich beispielsweise Aufmerksamkeitsdezite, soziale Probleme und kognitive Rigidität…”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Pokhriyal, S. (2021) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7630-4.ch017
- Authors
- Hartman, C. A., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hartman, Catharina A.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 529-541
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2519963735
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, lifespan development, adolescence, executive function, social adaptation, catching up
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Comorbidity
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